Conceptual aspects of melting unit vessel cooling by heavy liquid metal coolant

Electrochemical Production of Bismuth in the KCl–PbCl2 Melt

“…The equations of line and amount of electrons participation in the anode process both for individual metals and for double alloys are illustrated in Table 2. As seen from Table 2, on average, two electrons participate in the anode reaction in liquid-metallic systems (3)(4)(5) and metallic lead (6) at noticeable deviations of potentials from equilibrium. This fact testifies that under given conditions, the ionization of lead follows the two-electron scheme and that double-charged ions form simultaneously in the electrolyte.…”

“…Therefore, the alloy component ionization in this particular region of the polarization curve has a three-electron scheme and results in the formation of trivalent ions. The curve of the Pb-Bi alloy is located between polarization curves of lead and bismuth; under these conditions, selective bismuth dissolution takes place by the threeelectron electrode reaction: As seen from Table 2, on average, two electrons participate in the anode reaction in liquid-metallic systems (3)(4)(5) and metallic lead (6) at noticeable deviations of potentials from equilibrium. This fact testifies that under given conditions, the ionization of lead follows the two-electron scheme and that double-charged ions form simultaneously in the electrolyte.…”

“…Development of the technology for the electrolytic bismuth production from fusible alloys using molten chloride systems requires understanding the mechanism of processes on the liquid-metallic electrode. Baseline information on the anode transformations of binary lead-bismuth alloys is essential for process engineering of pure metallic lead and bismuth, as well as Pb-Bi alloys of definite compositions used as candidate liquid-metallic coolants [1][2][3]. Modern international ecological and environmental management gives special emphasis to handling materials containing lead and lead alloys.…”