“…Since the early 1990s, the focus of resilience research has shifted away from 22 identifying protective factors to understanding the process through which individuals 23 overcome the adversities they experience (Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000b). 24 Over the past two decades psychologists' understanding of human functioning in 25 A REVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE 4 demanding situations has developed rapidly, with resilience being examined across a range of 1 contexts, including business organizations (see, e.g., Riolli & Savicki, 2003), education (see , 2 e.g., Gu & Day, 2007), military (see, e.g., Palmer, 2008), sport performance (see, e.g., Galli 3 & Vealey, 2008), and communities (see, e.g., Brennan, 2008). However, one of the main 4 difficulties in conducting research on resilience is that wide discrepancies exist in the way 5 that resilience is defined and conceptualized.…”