Concurrent jellyfish blooms and tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Northern Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms

Småge, Sverre Bang; Brevik, Øyvind Jakobsen; Frisch, Kathleen Marie; Watanabe, K.; Duesund, Henrik; Nylund, Are

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187476

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Based on previous accounts on mass occurrences of gelatinous zooplankton in Norway (Båmstedt et al, 1998;Fosså et al, 2003;Småge et al, 2017, reviewed in Halsband et al, 2017, we hypothesize that abundant Nanomia colonies could potentially increase mortality of farmed and wild fish in an affected region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Coincident Mass Occurrence of Gelatinous Zooplankton in Northern Norway

et al. 2018

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In autumn 2015, several sources reported observations of large amounts of gelatinous material in a large north Norwegian fjord system, either caught when trawling for other organisms or fouling fishing gear. The responsible organism was identified as a physonect siphonophore, Nanomia cara, while a ctenophore, Beroe cucumis, and a hydromedusa, Modeeria rotunda, were also registered in high abundances on a couple of occasions. To document the phenomena, we have compiled a variety of data from concurrent fisheries surveys and local fishermen, including physical samples, trawl catch, and acoustic data, photo and video evidence, and environmental data. Because of the gas-filled pneumatophore, characteristic for these types of siphonophores, acoustics provided detailed and unique insight to the horizontal and vertical distribution and potential abundances (∼0.2-20 colonies•m −3) of N. cara with the highest concentrations observed in the near bottom region at ∼320 m depth in the study area. This suggests that these animals were retained and accumulated in the deep basins of the fjord system possibly blooming here because of favorable environmental conditions and potentially higher prey availability compared to the shallower shelf areas to the north. Few cues as to the origin and onset of the bloom were found, but it may have originated from locally resident siphonophores. The characteristics of the deep-water masses in the fjord basins were different compared to the deep water outside the fjord system, suggesting no recent deep-water import to the fjords. However, water-masses containing siphonophores (not necessarily very abundant), may have been additionally introduced to the fjords at intermediate depths, with the animals subsequently trapped in the deeper fjord basins. The simultaneous observations of abundant siphonophores, hydromedusae, and ctenophores in the Lyngen-Kvaenangen fjord system are intriguing, but difficult to provide a unified explanation for, as the organisms differ in their biology and ecology. Nanomia and Beroe spp. are holopelagic, while M. rotunda has a benthic hydroid stage. The species also have different trophic ecologies and dietary preferences. Only by combining information from acoustics, trawling, genetics, and local fishermen, were the identity, abundance, and the vertical and horizontal distribution of the physonect siphonophore, N. cara, established.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Coincident Mass Occurrence of Gelatinous Zooplankton in Northern Norway

et al. 2018

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“…Other Tenacibaculum spp. have been identified as salmonid pathogens that cause similar disease symptoms, including as T. finnmarkense (Småge et al 2016a, 2017) and T. dicentrarchi (Avendaño‐Herrera et al 2016). It has been suggested multiple Tenacibaculum spp.…”

Section: Specific Types Of Marine Salmonid Gill Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can have erosions and haemorrhages within and around the oral cavity, scale loss, ulcerative skin lesions, frayed fins and tail rot. A typical yellow margin might be present around these lesions (Småge et al 2017), see Figure 3, which can be the portal of entry for other bacterial or parasitic agents (Toranzo et al 2005). Lesions in the gills, which are not always present, can consist of focal areas of necrosis, and erosion in connective tissue associated with filamentous bacterial mats on lamellae, which looks like ‘gill rot’.…”

Section: Specific Types Of Marine Salmonid Gill Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other risk factors include high salinities, stress, elevated ammonia and physical or toxic insults (Mitchell & Rodger 2011). In a study in Norway, recently transferred smolts were more affected by tenacibaculosis than smolts that had been in the salt water longer (Småge et al 2017). This may be because smolts that have just transferred to salt water have reduced resilience due to changes in their microbiota as a result of the change in conditions (Lokesh & Kiron 2016), pressure on osmoregulatory control and elevated stress levels as a result of the transfer process (Iversen et al 2005).…”

Section: Specific Types Of Marine Salmonid Gill Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proposed that jellyfish may serve as reservoirs or vectors for pathogens such as Tenacibaculum spp. (Ferguson et al 2010; Fringuelli et al 2012; Småge et al 2017), which can cause disease in the fish.…”

Section: Specific Types Of Marine Salmonid Gill Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology of marine gill diseases in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture: a review

Boerlage

Ashby²,

Herrero³

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Gill disease of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the marine environment has emerged as a significant problem for the salmon aquaculture industry. Different types of marine salmon gill disease reported include amoebic gill disease (AGD), parasitic gill disease, viral gill disease, bacterial gill disease, zooplankton (cnidarian nematocyst)‐associated gill disease, harmful algal gill disease and chemical/toxin‐associated gill disease. The term ‘multifactorial gill disease’ is used when multiple distinguishable types of disease (as opposed to an obvious single primary type) are present. When gill disease is non‐specific, it is referred to as ‘complex gill disease’ (CGD) or ‘complex gill disorder’. These two terms are often used interchangeably and are overlapping. The significance of many infectious and non‐infectious agents that may be associated with CGD is often unclear. In this review, we summarise aspects of the different types of gill disease that are relevant to the epidemiology of gill disease and of CGD in particular. We also tabulate simultaneously occurring putative pathogens to explore the multifactorial nature of gill disease.

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Increased Liver Size and Dysfunction, Ionoregulatory Disturbance and Opportunistic Infections in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at Low Temperatures: A Case Study

Vadboncoeur,

Nelson,

Ignatz

et al. 2024

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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In recent lab‐based experiments, some post‐smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held at 3°C for 5 weeks exhibited a range of clinical signs. They became lethargic and swam at the water's surface, developed ulcers to the head and jaw (clinical signs similar to tenacibaculosis in Norwegian salmon aquaculture) and had fin erosion, and this was associated with significant mortalities. In addition, when fish with ‘early’ and ‘advanced’ stages of these different clinical signs were further examined, their livers were found to be large, pale and friable. Fish with this aetiology also had elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels (indicative of liver damage), elevated plasma [Na+], [Cl−] and osmolality (indicating osmoregulatory impairment), low glucose levels (likely limiting metabolic responses to maintain homeostasis) and high circulating cortisol levels (∼100 ng/mL). This suite of physiological disturbances is very similar to that observed in a condition referred to as ‘Winter Syndrome’ or ‘Winter Disease’ (WS/WD) in cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and other fish species. Thus, it appears that WS/WD described here for the first time in Atlantic salmon, alone or in combination with opportunistic infections, results in lipid deposition in the liver, compromising liver function and osmoregulatory capacity, and metabolic collapse that ultimately results in significant losses.

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Concurrent jellyfish blooms and tenacibaculosis outbreaks in Northern Norwegian Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms

Cited by 39 publications

References 60 publications

Coincident Mass Occurrence of Gelatinous Zooplankton in Northern Norway

Coincident Mass Occurrence of Gelatinous Zooplankton in Northern Norway

Epidemiology of marine gill diseases in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture: a review

Increased Liver Size and Dysfunction, Ionoregulatory Disturbance and Opportunistic Infections in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at Low Temperatures: A Case Study

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