Concurrent non-malleable zero-knowledge and simultaneous resettable non-malleable zero-knowledge in constant rounds

Abstract

Concurrent non-malleable zero-knowledge (CNMZK) considers the concurrent execution of zero-knowledge protocols in a setting even when adversaries can simultaneously corrupt multiple provers and verifiers. As far as we know, the round complexity of all the constructions of CNMZK arguments for NP is at least ω(log n). In this paper, we provide the first construction of a constant-round concurrent non-malleable zero-knowledge argument for every language in NP. Our protocol relies on the existence of families of collision-resistant hash functions, one-way permutations and indistinguishability obfuscators. As an additional contribution, we study the composition of two central notions in zero knowledge, the simultaneously resettable zero-knowledge and non-malleable zero-knowledge, which seemingly have stronger proved security guarantees. We give the first construction of a constant-round simultaneously-resettable non-malleable zero-knowledge. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to combine the two security concepts described above together in the zero-knowledge protocols.

A Novel Biometric Identification Scheme Based on Zero-Knowledge Succinct Noninteractive Argument of Knowledge

“…zk-SNARK proposed by Ben-Sasson et al in 2014 is used in Zcash. Since then, various zk-SNARKs have appeared in recent years, for example, Groth 16 [12] (adopted by Zcash), GKM +1 8, Bulletproof [13], Sonic [14], Marlin19 [15], Plonk [16], Halo [17], Fractal [18], SuperSonic [19] etc. [27][28][29], of which only Groth 16 requires trusted settings.…”