Conditioned Emotional Reactions.

Watson, John B.; Watson, Rosalie Rayner

doi:10.1037/11352-020

Cited by 249 publications

(367 citation statements)

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“…The classic approaches to the conceptualization and treatment of anxiety disorders are derived from Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Watson's behavioural theory of anxiety (Freud 1915;Watson & Rayner 1920;Dollard & Miller 1950). Though vastly di¡erent in many ways, both approaches posit an acquired source of anxiety.…”

Section: M Pl Ic At Ion S For P Syc Ho Pat Holo Gymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional memory and psychopathology

LeDoux

Muller

1997

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

107

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A leading model for studying how the brain forms memories about unpleasant experiences is fear conditioning. A cumulative body of work has identi¢ed major components of the neural system mediating this form of learning. The pathways involve transmission of sensory information from processing areas in the thalamus and cortex to the amygdala. The amygdala's lateral nucleus receives and integrates the sensory inputs from the thalamic and cortical areas, and the central nucleus provides the interface with motor systems controlling speci¢c fear responses in various modalities (behavioural, autonomic, endocrine). Internal connections within the amygdala allow the lateral and central nuclei to communicate. Recent studies have begun to identify some sites of plasticity in the circuitry and the cellular mechanisms involved in fear conditioning. Through studies of fear conditioning, our understanding of emotional memory is being taken to the level of cells and synapses in the brain. Advances in understanding emotional memory hold out the possibility that emotional disorders may be better de¢ned and treatment improved.

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Section: M Pl Ic At Ion S For P Syc Ho Pat Holo Gymentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional memory and psychopathology

LeDoux

Muller

1997

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

107

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“…Pavlovian, or classical, fear conditioning has long been an important model of associative learning and of the etiology of human anxiety (Watson and Rayner 1920;Eysenck 1979;Wolpe and Rowan 1988). Temporal pairing of a neutral conditional stimulus (CS) with an aversive unconditional stimulus (US) generates robust conditional fear responses upon subsequent presentations of the CS in experimental animals, including mice.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adrenergic Transmission Facilitates Extinction of Conditional Fear in Mice

Cain¹,

Blouin²,

Barad³

2004

Learn. Mem.

191

178

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Extinction of classically conditioned fear, like its acquisition, is active learning, but little is known about its molecular mechanisms. We recently reported that temporal massing of conditional stimulus (CS) presentations improves extinction memory acquisition, and suggested that temporal spacing was less effective because individual CS exposures trigger two opposing processes: (1) fear extinction, which is favored by CS massing, and (2) fear incubation (increase), which is favored by spacing. We here report the effects of manipulating the adrenergic system during massed or spaced CS presentations in fear-conditioned mice. We administered yohimbine (5 mg/kg), an ␣ 2 -receptor antagonist, or propranolol (10 mg/kg), a ␤-receptor antagonist, systemically prior to CS presentation sessions and recorded both short-and long-term changes in conditional freezing. Yohimbine treatment facilitated extinction of both cue and context fear with massed protocols. When given before spaced CS presentations, propranolol led to a persistent incubation of cue fear, whereas yohimbine led to persistent extinction, compared with vehicle-treated animals, which showed no change in fear. These results suggest that norepinephrine positively modulates the formation of fear extinction memories in mice. They also provide clear evidence that spaced CS presentations trigger both fear-reducing (extinction) and fear-increasing (incubation) mechanisms.

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“…12 We excluded Hock's (2012) Forty Studies that Changed Psychology. It included Pavlov (1927), Watson and Rayner (1920), Skinner (1948), and Wolpe (1961), but no publications we identified as being among the founding publications in applied behavior analysis. (Lerman, Iwata, & Hanley, 2013, p. 81), and the publication to which ''applied behavior analysis … can be traced (Cooper et al, 2007, p. 14).…”

Section: Convergent Validity: the Included Publicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study in the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications

2013

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This article reports a study of the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications. Our methods included hand searches of sources (e.g., journals, reference lists), search terms (i.e., early, applied, behavioral, research, literature), inclusion criteria (e.g., the field's applied dimension), and (d) challenges to their face and content validity. Our results were 36 articles published between 1959 and 1967 that we organized into 4 groups: 12 in 3 programs of research and 24 others. Our discussion addresses (a) limitations in our method (e.g., the completeness of our search), (b) challenges to the validity of our methods and results (e.g., convergent validity), and (c) priority claims about the field's founding. We conclude that the claims are irresolvable because identification of the founding publications depends significantly on methods and because the field's founding was an evolutionary process. We close with suggestions for future research.

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Conditioned Emotional Reactions.

Cited by 249 publications

References 0 publications

Emotional memory and psychopathology

Emotional memory and psychopathology

Adrenergic Transmission Facilitates Extinction of Conditional Fear in Mice

A study in the founding of applied behavior analysis through its publications

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