Conditioned food aversion in domestic dogs induced by thiram

Tobajas, Jorge; Gómez‐Ramírez, Pilar; Ferreras, Pablo; García-Fernández, Antonio J.; Mateo, Rafael

doi:10.1002/ps.5548

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The effects on non-target species are especially important in the case of the use of poison for population control, which could affect threatened species (Dundas et al 2014;Hohnen et al 2020). Similarly, the use of baits in CFA can potentially affect small non-target species through high doses for their body size (Smith et al in press), although advances in the search for safe substances have been made recently (Tobajas et al 2019(Tobajas et al , 2020a. In the case of vaccination, the main problem is the loss of effectiveness in the vaccination of the population of the target species, as well as the increase in costs to achieve a high vaccination rate (Steelman et al 2000;Ballesteros et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reduce the threat that wildlife poses to human safety and their resources, humans have controlled populations of species considered harmful or pests (Reynolds and Tapper 1996;Treves and Bruskotter 2014), especially predators. Baiting has been extensively used worldwide for reducing populations of animal species considered harmful, eradicating invasive species, vaccination, contraception or producing conditioned aversion (Bradley et al 1999;Dı ´ez-Delgado et al 2018;Ballard et al 2020;Tobajas et al 2020a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using lures for improving selectivity of bait intake by red foxes

Tobajas

Descalzo²,

Mateo³

et al. 2021

Wildl. Res.

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Context The use of baits for reducing the populations of harmful animal species, eradicating invasive species, vaccination, contraception or producing conditioned aversion, is widespread worldwide. However, baiting programs are often not successful enough and affect non-target species, requiring new approaches for baiting methods. Aims The aim of the present study was to evaluate two attractants used in carnivore studies to improve bait intake probability by red foxes and minimise bait intake by non-target species. Methods Non-toxic baits were distributed across 1000 ha, with bait intake monitored by camera traps during 3-week trials. Baits were assigned to two treatments with lures (lynx urine and Fatty Acid Scent – FAS) and one control. Bait intake by red foxes and non-target species was analysed using Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. Key results Lynx urine significantly increased the bait intake by red foxes (58.8%) compared with control (5.7%) and FAS (16.7%) treatment. However, FAS did not significantly increase the bait intake by red foxes compared with control. Bait intake by non-target species differed significantly between treatments, with lower intake in lynx urine (23.5%) treatment than control (54.7%), but not regarding FAS (36.7%), and neither between FAS and control. The probability of bait persistence after the 3-week trial period differed significantly among treatments, being lower in lynx urine treatment (0.18) than FAS (0.50) and control (0.43). All baits taken by foxes with lynx urine treatment (58.8%) occurred within the first 10 days, whereas intake by non-target species (23.5%) stopped after Day 7. Conclusions The use of lynx urine lure increased the proportion of baits consumed by red fox and reduced bait intake by non-target species. Implications Lures can serve to optimise bait delivery methods for red foxes in their different applications, such as conditioned aversion studies, vaccination, live trapping or predator control, while minimising risks to non-target species and reducing the costs and application time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using lures for improving selectivity of bait intake by red foxes

Tobajas

Descalzo²,

Mateo³

et al. 2021

Wildl. Res.

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“…The reliability with which a conditioned stimulus predicts an unconditioned stimulus (i.e., the stimulus contingency) is an important predictor of effective conditioning of many sorts (Domjan, 2018). Although CTA is exceptional, in that it may be effective after only one trial (Garcia et al, 1974), additional trials, to increase the absolute and relative exposure to the illness in combination with the food, are likely to increase the strength of the CTA (Fenwick et al, 1975;Navarro et al, 2000;Tobajas et al, 2020c). Preparatory captive experiments can be used to estimate the minimum number of trials that are needed for the desired level of aversion to develop, especially when animals have been pre-exposed to the food.…”

Section: Stimulus Repetitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned Taste Aversion as a Tool for Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflicts

Snijders

Thierij

Appleby

et al. 2021

Front. Conserv. Sci.

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Modern wildlife management has dual mandates to reduce human-wildlife conflict (HWC) for burgeoning populations of people while supporting conservation of biodiversity and the ecosystem functions it affords. These opposing goals can sometimes be achieved with non-lethal intervention tools that promote coexistence between people and wildlife. One such tool is conditioned taste aversion (CTA), the application of an evolutionary relevant learning paradigm in which an animal associates a transitory illness to the taste, odor or other characteristic of a particular food item, resulting in a long-term change in its perception of palatability. Despite extensive support for the power of CTA in laboratory studies, field studies have exhibited mixed results, which erodes manager confidence in using this tool. Here we review the literature on CTA in the context of wildlife conservation and management and discuss how success could be increased with more use of learning theory related to CTA, particularly selective association, stimulus salience, stimulus generalization, and extinction of behavior. We apply learning theory to the chronological stages of CTA application in the field and illustrate them by synthesizing and reviewing past applications of CTA in HWC situations. Specifically, we discuss (1) when CTA is suitable, (2) how aversion can be most effectively (and safely) established, (3) how generalization of aversion from treated to untreated food can be stimulated and (4) how extinction of aversion can be avoided. For each question, we offer specific implementation suggestions and methods for achieving them, which we summarize in a decision-support table that might be used by managers to guide their use of CTA across a range of contexts. Additionally, we highlight promising ideas that may further improve the effectiveness of CTA field applications in the future. With this review, we aspire to demonstrate the diverse past applications of CTA as a non-lethal tool in wildlife management and conservation and facilitate greater application and efficacy in the future.

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“…CFA can be induced deliberately by adding a chemical substance to the food or prey desired to be protected from predation in order to produce rejection by the predator (Gustavson et al ., 1974; Cowan et al ., 2000; O’Donnell, Webb & Shine, 2010). Recent studies carried out with captive dogs Canis familiaris and Iberian wolves Canis lupus signatus have shown the possibility of creating aversion by adding an artificial odor cue during conditioning (Tobajas et al ., 2019 a ; Tobajas et al ., unpublished data), thus, creating an enhanced aversion to that odor rather than to the food itself (Tobajas et al ., 2019 b ). This enables the predator to detect that a prey is noxious at a distance (Rusiniak et al ., 1979), and makes it possible to employ this disruptive effect caused by the odor aversion to stop predation during predatory behavior (Tobajas et al ., 2019 b ; Tobajas et al ., unpublished data).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned odor aversion as a tool for reducing post‐release predation during animal translocations

Tobajas

Descalzo

Villafuerte

et al. 2020

Animal Conservation

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Predation is a key factor in prey population dynamics and could impact population recovery. One common means employed to recover prey populations is that of translocations, but most fail owing to high predation during the early stages. We tested whether conditioned odor aversion can reduce predation during animal translocations by using the predation of the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus by the red fox Vulpes vulpes as a case study. Following a before‐after control‐impact design (BACI), we deployed bait stations monitored using camera‐traps in two zones to which rabbits were translocated. One week before the rabbits were released, microencapsulated levamisole was added to rabbit baits located in the treatment zones, along with vanilla essence as an odor cue. A total of 148 rabbits were distributed in artificial warrens with the odor cue and 68 of them were fitted with radio collars in order to determine their survival rates. The response to the treatment and translocation as regards subsequent rabbit abundance was evaluated using N‐mixture models, while rabbit establishment was evaluated using a warren use index (WUI). The treatment decreased the proportion of baits consumed by foxes, but this decrease was partially compensated by other predators. WUI and rabbit population growth increased significantly more after translocations in the treatment zones than in the control zones. The short‐term survival of translocated rabbits was also higher in the treatment zones than in the control zones. Our study showed that conditioned odor aversion reduced rabbit predation by foxes, and had a positive effect on rabbit population growth after translocation, since there was an increase in rabbit survival and warren establishment. This method could be used as a non‐lethal tool for the recovery of a key prey when carrying out programs concerning the reintroduction of endangered predators or for other vulnerable species requiring translocations.

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Conditioned food aversion in domestic dogs induced by thiram

Cited by 9 publications

References 59 publications

Using lures for improving selectivity of bait intake by red foxes

Using lures for improving selectivity of bait intake by red foxes

Conditioned Taste Aversion as a Tool for Mitigating Human-Wildlife Conflicts

Conditioned odor aversion as a tool for reducing post‐release predation during animal translocations

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