Conditioned responses in curarized striate muscle in dogs.

Girden, Edward; Culler, Elmer

doi:10.1037/h0058634

Cited by 127 publications

(62 citation statements)

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“…This phenomenon once referred to as "dissociation" of learning or conditioned responding [16] has come to be more commonly called "state-dependent learning" or "state-dependent recall" [24,37]. An early and impressive example of this phenomenon was reported by Girden and Culler [15]. In one of their dogs, they repeatedly paired a 2-sec bell conditioned stimulus (CS) with a brief shock unconditioned stimulus (US) to the right hind paw.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, the bell CS in the no-drug state evoked the earlier trained right muscle twitch CR. Girden and Culler [15] concluded that "the animal under curare is functionally decorticate (cortex depressed); conditioning is therefore subcortical in nature and locus. Accordingly, it is inhibited when the cortex returns to dominance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two groups have a shift in physiological state from training to testing (drug→no drug; no drug→drug) and two groups remain in the training state during testing (drug→drug; no drug→no drug). A state-dependency account such as that given by Girden and Culler [15] predicts that performance of the acquired behavior will be severely disrupted in groups that receive the shift in drug state (but see [26,32,33]). Indeed, evidence for state-dependent learning has been reported with such drugs as ethanol, midazolam, mescaline, chlordiazepoxide, pentobarbital, and morphine [11,17,18,19,[24][25]30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine does not produce state-dependent effects on learning in a Pavlovian appetitive goal tracking task with rats

Bevins

Penrod

Reichel

2007

Behavioural Brain Research

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Past research has shown that when rats received 0.4 mg base/kg nicotine paired reliably with intermittent sucrose delivery that anticipatory sucrose-seeking behavior (i.e., goal tracking) was differentially displayed in the nicotine state relative to intermixed saline sessions in which no sucrose was delivered. The present research extended this observation to a lower dose of nicotine (i.e., 0.2 mg base/kg) and tested a state-dependent learning account of differential conditioned responding. According to this account, the increase in goal tracking on nicotine sessions reflects a chambersucrose association that is only recalled when in the nicotine state. We used a 2 × 2 factorial design in which rats received sucrose deliveries in one drug state (nicotine or saline) and were then tested in the same state (Nic→Nic or Sal→Sal) or a different state (Nic→Sal or Sal→Nic) after acquiring the conditioned response. A state-dependency account predicts disruption in conditioned goal tracking for rats that receive a shift in drug state on the test day. This disruption did not occur suggesting that differential control of conditioned responding by nicotine is more likely due to a direct excitatory association between the interoceptive cueing effects of nicotine and the appetitive qualities of sucrose.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Nicotine does not produce state-dependent effects on learning in a Pavlovian appetitive goal tracking task with rats

Bevins

Penrod

Reichel

2007

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…In other words, recall in a different state will result in a lower efficacy or complete blockade of the retrieval of the response (Overton, 1978;Weingartner, 1978). This phenomenon, identified for many years (Girden and Culler, 1937), is called state dependence (StD) and experimental conditions have been defined allowing its reproducible examination in memory processes. Procedures have been defined using, for instance, classical operant conditioning (Colpaert, 1990;Jackson, 1995;Colpaert and Koek, 1996) or passive avoidance learning Zarrindast and Rezayof, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

σ1 Receptor Ligands and Related Neuroactive Steroids Interfere with the Cocaine-Induced State of Memory

Romieu

Lucas

Maurice

2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The present series of experiments examined the involvement of the s 1 receptor and related neuroactive steroids in the memory state induced by a very low dose of cocaine. Using a modified passive avoidance procedure in mice, we examined whether cocaine induces state-dependent (StD) learning. Animals trained and tested with saline or the same dose of cocaine (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) showed correct retention, measured using two independent parameters: the retention latency and a ratio between the retention latency and the last training latency. Animals trained with cocaine (0.1 mg/kg) and tested with saline or cocaine (0.03, 0.3 mg/kg), or trained with saline and tested with cocaine, showed altered retention parameters, demonstrating that StD occurred. Therefore, cocaine administered before training produced a chemical state used as an endogenous cue to insure optimal retention. Since s 1 receptor activation is an important event during the acquisition of cocaine reward, we tested several s 1 ligands and related neurosteroids. The s 1 agonist igmesine or antagonist BD1047 failed to produce StD, but modified the cocaine state. Among neuroactive steroids, pregnanolone and allopregnanolone, positive modulators of the g-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptor, produced StD. However, steroids also acting as s 1 agonists, dehydroepiandrosterone (3b-hydroxy-5a-androsten-17-one (DHEA)), pregnenolone, or antagonist, progesterone, failed to induce StD but modified the cocaine state. Furthermore, optimal retention was observed with mice trained with (igmesine or DHEA) + cocaine and tested with a higher dose of cocaine, or with mice trained with (BD1047 or progesterone) + cocaine and tested with vehicle. This study demonstrated that: (i) low doses of cocaine induce a chemical state/memory trace sustaining StD; (ii) modulation of the s 1 receptor activation, although insufficient to provoke StD, modulates the cocaine state; (iii) neuroactive steroids exert a unique role in state-dependent vs state-independent learning, via GABA A or s 1 receptor modulation, and are able to affect the cocaine-induced mnesic trace at low brain concentrations.

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“…The phenomenon is now well known experimentally (Overton, 1974) and includes flexion responses in hammocks (Girden &. Culler, 1937;Pusakulich & Nielson, 1972) as well as tasks of escape, avoidance, and approach in T-mazes (Overton, 1964), shuttleboxes (Holmgren, 1964), and barpressing situations (Kubena & Barry, 1969) in animals as diverse as rats, monkeys, cats, dogs, and goldfish.…”

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confidence: 99%

State-dependent dissociation of food consumption and maze running in rats

Gill

Nielson

1978

Psychobiology

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For 45 days, rats were given 30 min to consume wet mash immediately after they regained their righting reflexes following an IP injection of 25 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital. Then they were trained to traverse a maze for a food reward while drugged, while not drugged, or 2 h before receiving the drug. After 28 days, the maze training continued but drug conditions were switched. The running latencies showed that running for a food reward was state-dependent. Food consumption also showed dissociation when the drugged condition was discontinued either at the start of maze training or during the drug reversal. Food consumption was not changed when the drugged condition was continued or reinstituted. Additional rats that received equal amounts of drug, but were not fed while drugged, showed that the effects on food consumption were related to the drugged-feeding experience and not to drug experience per se. A possible reorganization of sensory-motor integration associated with drugged feeding was discussed.

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Conditioned responses in curarized striate muscle in dogs.

Cited by 127 publications

References 1 publication

Nicotine does not produce state-dependent effects on learning in a Pavlovian appetitive goal tracking task with rats

Nicotine does not produce state-dependent effects on learning in a Pavlovian appetitive goal tracking task with rats

σ1 Receptor Ligands and Related Neuroactive Steroids Interfere with the Cocaine-Induced State of Memory

State-dependent dissociation of food consumption and maze running in rats

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