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maintained by aid of the Research Council, American Otological Society. Special aid from the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation is gratefully acknowledged. 1 This paper incorporates, with minor revisions, what I said about the Conditioned Reflex before a session of the American Psychological Association at the Hanover meeting, September 4, 1936. So meager a selection from so extensive a material is inevitably hard to justify; six men could each have spoken on this topic with little in common save the title. Whatever one elects to present remains a torso, without the integrity of a living organism. In behalf of the material here offered, let but one thing be said: no aspect of conditioning is included unless we have studied it in this Laboratory. I prefer not to theorize about any of these problems without first interrogating our animals. Let me particularly stress that the paper is in no sense a review or evaluation of the literature; every expert will recognize that many of the best contributions are not mentioned. Citations are introduced as needed for the argument; they are neither comprehensive nor systematic. * With the collaboration of W. J. Brogden, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. 'Abbreviations: US-Unconditioned (original) Stimulus; UR-Unconditioned (original) Response to US; CS-Conditioned (substitute) Stimulus; CR-Conditioned (substitute) Response.

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Positive evidence that the spinal cord, when completely severed from the brain centers with which it is normally associated, is capable of establishing a substitute or 'conditioned' response (CR) has not hitherto been reported. 8 Heretofore the higher brain levels, whether of cortex (