Conditioning Techniques in the Treatment of Writer's Cramp

Liversedge, L.A.; Sylvester, John

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(55)90643-7

Cited by 59 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Although botulinum toxin injections or baclophen can decrease dystonic cramping (Brin et al, 1987;Ceballos-Baumann et al, 1995;Cole et al, 1995;Fahn et al, 1987;Karp et al, 1994;Pullman et al, 1996;Tsui et al, 1993;Van Hilten et al, 2000), the medications do not improve somatosensory differentiation and rarely enable musicians to return to their previous high levels of performance. Conservative intervention strategies based on the principles of neuroplasticity, including constraint induced therapy (Candia et al, 1999), sensitivity training (Tubiana et al, 1998), kinematic training (Mai et al, 1994), conditioning techniques (Liversedge et al, 1955(Liversedge et al, , 1960), immobilization (Priori et al, 2001), and comprehensive sensory discrimination training (Byl et al, 2000 c) are being explored as alternate intervention strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Clinical Neuromusculoskeletal and CentralSomatosensory Performance: Variability in Controls and PatientsWith Severe and Mild Focal Hand Dystonia

et al. 2002

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Focal hand dystonia (FHd) is a recalcitrant, disabling movement disorder, characterized by involuntary co-contractions of agonists and antagonists, that can develop in patients who overuse or misuse their hands. The aim of this study was to document clinical neuromusculoskeletal performance and somatosensory responses (magnetoencephalography) in healthy controls and in FHd subjects with mild versus severe hand dystonia. The performance of healthy subjects (n = 17) was significantly better than that of FHd subjects (n = 17) on all clinical parameters. Those with mild dystonia (n = 10) demonstrated better musculoskeletal skills, task-specific motor performance, and sensory discrimination, but the performance of sensory and fine motor tasks was slower than that of patients with severe dystonia. In terms of somatosensory evoked field responses (SEFs), FHd subjects demonstrated a significant difference in the location of the hand representation on the x and y axes, lower amplitude of SEFs integrated across latency, and a higher ratio of mean SEF amplitude to latency than the controls. Bilaterally,. those with FHd (mild and severe) lacked progressive sequencing of the digits from inferior to superior. On the affected digits, subjects with severe dystonia had a significantly higher ratio of SEF amplitude to latency and a significantly smaller mean volume of the cortical hand representation than those with mild dystonia. Severity of dystonia positively correlated with the ratio of SEF mean amplitude to latency (0.9029 affected, 0.8477 unaffected; p<0.01). The results of the present study strengthen the evidence that patients with FHd demonstrate signs of somatosensory degradation of the hand that correlates with clinical sensorimotor dysfunction, with characteristics of the dedifferentiation varying by the severity of hand dystonia. If these findings represent aberrant learning, then effective rehabilitation must incorporate the principles of neuroplasticity. Training must be individualized to each patient to rebalance the sensorimotor feedback loop and to restore normal fine motor control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Clinical Neuromusculoskeletal and CentralSomatosensory Performance: Variability in Controls and PatientsWith Severe and Mild Focal Hand Dystonia

et al. 2002

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“…Conversion and obsessive reactions (Noyes and Kolb, 1958), psychomotor inadequacy (Yates, 1960), and ease of conditioning (Liversedge and Sylvester, 1955;Mayer-Gross, Slater, and Roth, 1960;Eysenck and Rachman, 1965), consequent often on neurotic predisposition and overarousal (Malmo, 1957), have all been suggested as contributory factors, as have various neurological lesions (Crisp and Moldofsky, 1965;Siegfried, Crowell, and Perret, 1969). But whether the undoubted link with neurosis supports the hypothesis that cramp is a conditioned response or whether other mental mechanisms apply, neuromuscular load on the forearm was probably the precipitating stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Australian study of telegraphists' cramp

Ferguson

1971

Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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). Brit. J. industr. Med., 28,[280][281][282][283][284][285]. An Australian study of telegraphists' cramp. An investigation of telegraphists' cramp in an Australian public service organization attempted to assess the prevalance of the disorder, the degree of its transfer from morse to keyboard operating, and possible contributory influences. From an interview of 516 telegraphists in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane (93% of the available population), 73 (14%) subjects with occupational cramp and 26 (5 %) with occupational myalgia were identified. The job, equipment, and work environment were also investigated. The prevalence of both disorders was much greater in Sydney than in Melbourne or Brisbane. Three-quarters (74 %) of the cramp subjects had had difficulty with morse before this mode of operating was discontinued, 65 % had difficulty with keyboard operating, and 50% with writing. Cramp was strongly associated with neurosis and with several other attributes. Though occupational cramp has been related to neurosis in general, to obsessive and conversion reactions in particular, to ready conditioning in neurotics, and to poor psychomotor ability in neurotics, the cause is not yet known. Work load, seating, equipment, selection, training, responsibility, and supervisory practices may each contribute in particular cases.

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“…A treatment paradigm built ‘on the firm foundation of Pavlov’s original work’ must focus on ‘the treatment of symptoms without alluding to any underlying complex or illness’, because ‘there is no illness and there is no complex’; behaviour therapy was not merely an ‘alternative’ – it was ‘superior’ (Eysenck: 1960b: 504, 508). In the section on aversion therapy, alongside Freund he included Raymond’s 1956 paper on fetishism and some landmark studies in the treatment of alcoholism and writer’s cramp, whose authors drew heavily on Pavlov, a few Eastern bloc sources, and some communist-sympathetic psychologists in the West (Franks, 1958; Liversedge and Sylvester, 1955). These papers provided the post-Wolfenden generation of British psychiatrists with a new direction in clinical experimentation.…”

Section: Eysenck the Maudsley Institute And Aversion Therapy’s Britimentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold War Pavlov: Homosexual aversion therapy in the 1960s

Davison

2020

History of the Human Sciences

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Homosexual aversion therapy enjoyed two brief but intense periods of clinical experimentation: between 1950 and 1962 in Czechoslovakia, and between 1962 and 1975 in the British Commonwealth. The specific context of its emergence was the geopolitical polarization of the Cold War and a parallel polarization within psychological medicine between Pavlovian and Freudian paradigms. In 1949, the Pavlovian paradigm became the guiding doctrine in the Communist bloc, characterized by a psychophysiological or materialist understanding of mental illness. It was taken up by therapists in Western countries who were critical of psychoanalysis and sought more ‘scientific’ diagnostic and therapeutic methods that focused on empirical evidence and treating actual symptoms. However, their attitude towards homosexuality often played a decisive role in how they used aversion therapy. Whereas Czechoslovakian researchers cautioned readers about low success rates and agitated for homosexual law reform in 1961, most of their anglophone counterparts selectively ignored or misrepresented the results of ‘the Prague experiment’, instead celebrating single-case ‘success’ stories in their effort to correct ‘abnormal’ sexual orientation. In histories of queer sexuality and its pathologization, the behaviourist paradigm remains almost entirely unmapped. This article provides the most detailed study to date of aversion therapy literature from both sides of the East/West border. In doing so, it contributes to the project not only of ‘decentring Western sexualities’, but of decentring Western sexological knowledge. Given its Pavlovian origins, the history of homosexual aversion therapy can be fully understood only in the context of Cold War transnational sexological knowledge exchange.

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Conditioning Techniques in the Treatment of Writer's Cramp

Cited by 59 publications

References 1 publication

Correlation of Clinical Neuromusculoskeletal and CentralSomatosensory Performance: Variability in Controls and PatientsWith Severe and Mild Focal Hand Dystonia

Correlation of Clinical Neuromusculoskeletal and CentralSomatosensory Performance: Variability in Controls and PatientsWith Severe and Mild Focal Hand Dystonia

An Australian study of telegraphists' cramp

Cold War Pavlov: Homosexual aversion therapy in the 1960s

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