“…These are in two main geographical dimensions: East-West following the collapse of the Iron Curtain (Rhode, 1993), and South-North in the wake of the post-2008 economic crisis which wrought havoc on the economies of Greece, Spain and Portugal (see, for example, Ganga et al, 2016). Albania's position, both as the poorest of the European ex-communist countries and as part of the southern tier of countries which has always lagged behind the economies of northern Europe, makes it doubly peripheral, and brain drain has been noted since the onset of mass migration in the 1990s (Ditter & Gëdeshi, 1997;Gëdeshi & Black, 2006;Gërmenji & Milo, 2011).…”