Conditions for the Existence of Bacteriophage

Campbell, Allan

doi:10.2307/2406076

Cited by 120 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…a result that generalizes the fact that one susceptible and one resistant strain of bacteria can coexist with the support of one virulent phage (Campbell, 1960;Levin et al, 1977). Examples of interaction networks are displayed in Figures 1c-e. Our theoretical results suggest that in systems where prey share resources, predator and prey have balanced diversity and coexistence is thus only possible along a line in the space spanned by the diversities of prey and predator.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In the following we define a distinct phage or bacterial strain as an organism of distinguishable phenotype, noticeably including the possibility of a resistant mutant bacterial strain (Bohannan and Lenski, 2000). The general form of the time-evolution equations for a system of N bacterial strains with populations B i , where i ¼ 1, 2,..., N, interacting with M phage strains with populations P j , where j ¼ 1, 2..., M, is (Lotka, 1925;Volterra, 1926;Campbell, 1960;Jover et al, 2013) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a strain's phenotype to be distinguishable, it must be characterized by a unique combination of parameters: k i and a i are the bacterial growth and decay rates corresponding to B i , respectively p ji , is the interaction between bacterial strain j and bacterial strain i, Z ki is the adsorption of phage strain k by bacterial strain i, b km are the respective phage burst sizes and d k is the decay rate of phage strain k. All rates have been made dimensionless by normalizing to the maximal bacterial growth rate (details: Supplementary Material). In Equation 1, bacteria compete for resources (Campbell, 1960;Levin et al, 1977;Jover et al, 2013) when p ji 40 for iaj, but the equation can also allow for discussion of the case of direct competition, cooperation, as well as growth on non-overlapping resources (…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that the second bacterial strain must have distinct immunity to the existing phage (b 12 Z 12 ab 11 Z 11 ), otherwise the first two rows of R I would become linearly dependent and one of the two bacterial strains would collapse. At this stage we have the classical resistant versus susceptible phage-bacteria system considered by Campbell (1960) and Levin et al (1977) (compare also Supplementary Information).…”

Section: Evolutionary Climbing Of a Narrowing Staircasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present work explores sustainable microbial ecosystems, using classical predator-prey relations as introduced to the phage-bacteria ecology by Campbell (1960) and others (Levin et al, 1977;Weitz et al, 2005). These equations parameterize the dynamics of a well-mixed system of virulent phages and their hosts, while ignoring the duration of the latency period and its dependence on bacterial growth conditions (Weitz and Dushoff, 2008;Wang and Goldenfeld, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phage and bacteria support mutual diversity in a narrowing staircase of coexistence

2014

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The competitive exclusion principle states that phage diversity M should not exceed bacterial diversity N. By analyzing the steady-state solutions of multistrain equations, we find a new constraint: the diversity N of bacteria living on the same resources is constrained to be M or M þ 1 in terms of the diversity of their phage predators. We quantify how the parameter space of coexistence exponentially decreases with diversity. For diversity to grow, an open or evolving ecosystem needs to climb a narrowing 'diversity staircase' by alternatingly adding new bacteria and phages. The unfolding coevolutionary arms race will typically favor high growth rate, but a phage that infects two bacterial strains differently can occasionally eliminate the fastest growing bacteria. This contextdependent fitness allows abrupt resetting of the 'Red-Queen's race' and constrains the local diversity.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolutionary Climbing Of a Narrowing Staircasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phage and bacteria support mutual diversity in a narrowing staircase of coexistence

2014

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Continuous Production of Bacteriophages

Podgornik

Janež

Smrekar³

et al. 2014

Continuous Processing in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

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Kinetics of Asian and African Zika virus lineages over single‐cycle and multi‐cycle growth in culture: Gene expression, cell killing, virus production, and mathematical modeling

Shi

Yin

2021

Biotech & Bioengineering

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Since 2014, an Asian lineage of Zika virus has caused outbreaks, and it has been associated with neurological disorders in adults and congenital defects in newborns.The resulting threat of the Zika virus to human health has prompted the development of new vaccines, which have yet to be approved for human use. Vaccines based on the attenuated or chemically inactivated virus will require large-scale production of the intact virus to meet potential global demands. Intact viruses are produced by infecting cultures of susceptible cells, a dynamic process that spans from hours to days and has yet to be optimized. Here, we infected Vero cells adhesively cultured in well-plates with two Zika virus strains: a recently isolated strain from the Asian lineage, and a cell-culture-adapted strain from the African lineage. At different time points post-infection, virus particles in the supernatant were quantified; further, microscopy images were used to quantify cell density and the proportion of cells expressing viral protein. These measurements were performed across multiple replicate samples of one-step infections every four hours over 60 h and for multi-step infections every four to 24 h over 144 h, generating a rich data set. For each set of data, mathematical models were developed to estimate parameters associated with cell infection and virus production. The African-lineage strain was found to produce a 14-fold higher yield than the Asian-lineage strain in one-step growth and a sevenfold higher titer in multi-step growth, suggesting a benefit of cell-culture adaptation for developing a vaccine strain. We found that image-based measurements were critical for discriminating among different models, and different parameters for the two strains could account for the experimentally observed differences. An exponential-distributed delay model performed best in accounting for multi-step infection of the Asian strain, and it highlighted the significant sensitivity of virus titer to the rate of viral degradation, with implications for optimization of vaccine production. More broadly, this study highlights how imagebased measurements can contribute to the discrimination of virus-culture models for the optimal production of inactivated and attenuated whole-virus vaccines.

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Conditions for the Existence of Bacteriophage

Cited by 120 publications

References 14 publications

Phage and bacteria support mutual diversity in a narrowing staircase of coexistence

Phage and bacteria support mutual diversity in a narrowing staircase of coexistence

Continuous Production of Bacteriophages

Kinetics of Asian and African Zika virus lineages over single‐cycle and multi‐cycle growth in culture: Gene expression, cell killing, virus production, and mathematical modeling

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