Confirmation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes scapularis, Southwestern Virginia

HerrinBrian, H; ZajacAnne, M; LittleSusan, E

doi:10.1089/vbz.2014.1661

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our study result of an overall seroprevalence of 33% to B. burgdorferi in horses also is identical to that of a recent study that identified a 33% prevalence of B. burgdorferi in ticks in southwest Virginia . Both studies also found prevalence rates to be similar in different geographic areas of the study region.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…With widespread travel of horses in the United States and the presence of vectors for B. burgdorferi in many areas of the country, spread of the disease out of the northeastern United States is likely . In fact, a recent study found that 33% of Ixodes scapularis ticks in southwest Virginia were infected with B. burgdorferi , thus confirming that the vector and organism are present in the area . According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2013 there were 36,307 confirmed or probable cases of Lyme disease in humans in the United States with only 5 states reporting no cases .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 In fact, a recent study found that 33% of Ixodes scapularis ticks in southwest Virginia were infected with B. burgdorferi, thus confirming that the vector and organism are present in the area. 13 According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2013 there were 36,307 confirmed or probable cases of Lyme disease in humans in the United States with only 5 states reporting no cases. 14 These results make Lyme disease the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in humans in the United States.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses Presented for Coggins Testing in Southwest Virginia and Change in Positive Test Results Approximately 1 Year Later

Funk

Pleasant

Witonsky

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundLyme disease can affect people, dogs, and horses, but it remains poorly understood, especially in the horse. Determining the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in horses in different geographic areas will enable better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, thus improving diagnosis and treatment of affected animals.HypothesisTo determine the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi in horses in southwest Virginia.AnimalsHorses presented for routine Coggins testing from January 2013 to January 2014 had additional blood drawn for Lyme Multiplex Assay testing.MethodsOf 492 samples collected, 250 samples were analyzed using the Lyme Multiplex Assay. Of the 83 horses that had positive test results to at least 1 outer surface protein (Osp), 63 were available for follow‐up testing 5–17 months later (June 2014).ResultsThirty‐three percent of horses had positive results for antibodies to at least 1 Osp. Horses with a positive outer surface protein F (OspF) result were older (14.5 ± 0.79) than horses with a negative OspF result (11.6 ± 0.53). Of the horses available for follow‐up testing, 63% had the same result as that of the initial test. There was no difference in test result between initial and follow‐up testing.ConclusionsHorses seropositive to B. burgdorferi are common in Virginia, and older horses are more likely to have a positive test result for OspF than younger horses. Follow‐up testing indicated that the majority of horses that were positive on initial testing did not have a different test result 5–17 months later.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses Presented for Coggins Testing in Southwest Virginia and Change in Positive Test Results Approximately 1 Year Later

Funk

Pleasant

Witonsky

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…31 Similarly, increasing ranges for I. scapularis have been documented along the Hudson River Valley, Michigan, and Virginia. [32][33][34] Comparing the maps presented here with our previous surveillance summary from 2000 to 2007, anaplasmosis appears to be increasing in geographic range as well as in IR, consistent with changes in the range of its tick vector. 30 More cases were reported during 2008-2012 than during 2000-2007; and, analysis of human data in tandem with ecological data may elucidate changing risk of exposure to human populations.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 77%

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: A Summary of National Surveillance Data

Dahlgren¹,

Heitman²,

Drexler³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

105

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Abstract. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis is an acute, febrile illness transmitted by the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in the United States. We present a summary of passive surveillance data for cases of anaplasmosis with onset during 2008-2012. The overall reported incidence rate (IR) was 6.3 cases per million person-years. Cases were reported from 38 states and from New York City, with the highest incidence in Minnesota (IR = 97), Wisconsin (IR = 79), and Rhode Island (IR = 51). Thirty-seven percent of cases were classified as confirmed, almost exclusively by polymerase chain reaction. The reported case fatality rate was 0.3% and the reported hospitalization rate was 31%. IRs, hospitalization rates, life-threatening complications, and case fatality rates increased with age group. The IR increased from 2008 to 2012 and the geographic range of reported cases of anaplasmosis appears to have increased since 2000-2007. Our findings are consistent with previous case series and recent reports of the expanding range of the tick vector I. scapularis.

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“…The greatest factors thought to affect spread were suitable climate and habitats that support white tailed deer and mice, and included waterways, river valleys and forests . In addition to studies performed that collected ticks nationwide, regional and/or statewide data are available in some cases . Part of the challenge in reviewing the literature is that there has been no standardized method or organization responsible for studying some of the important changes in Ixodes populations and B. burgdorferi presence or infection rates in dogs and horses and, as a result, data sets are more limited than is ideal.…”

Section: Seroprevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia burgdorferiInfection and Lyme Disease in North American Horses: A Consensus Statement

Divers

Gardner²,

Madigan

et al. 2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses living in Lyme endemic areas and the geographic range for exposure is increasing. Morbidity after B. burgdorferi infection in horses is unknown. Documented, naturally occurring syndromes attributed to B. burgdorferi infection in horses include neuroborreliosis, uveitis, and cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Although other clinical signs such as lameness and stiffness are reported in horses, these are often not well documented. Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on exposure to B. burgdorferi, cytology or histopathology of infected fluid or tissue and antigen detection. Treatment of Lyme disease in horses is similar to treatment of humans or small animals but treatment success might not be the same because of species differences in antimicrobial bioavailability and duration of infection before initiation of treatment. There are no approved equine label Lyme vaccines but there is strong evidence that proper vaccination could prevent infection in horses.

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Confirmation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes scapularis, Southwestern Virginia

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses Presented for Coggins Testing in Southwest Virginia and Change in Positive Test Results Approximately 1 Year Later

Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses Presented for Coggins Testing in Southwest Virginia and Change in Positive Test Results Approximately 1 Year Later

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in the United States from 2008 to 2012: A Summary of National Surveillance Data

Borrelia burgdorferiInfection and Lyme Disease in North American Horses: A Consensus Statement

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