Confirmation of Interlayer Sulfidization of Malachite by TOF-SIMS and Principal Component Analysis

Deng, Jiushuai; Lai, Hao; Wen, Shuming; Li, Shimei

doi:10.3390/min9040204

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…[ 17,18 ] In addition to surface analysis, PCA has also been traditionally applied to obtain 3D compositional information as inner layers are accessed through sputtering. There has been relatively limited work on the application of PCA as a function of depth [ 2,3,19–21 ] and the 3D aspect of the data puts a stress on processing capacity that is a focus for methods to control processing load. [ 22 ] Almost every depth profile investigated with multivariate analysis was done without spatial resolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 22 ] Almost every depth profile investigated with multivariate analysis was done without spatial resolution. Examples include showing the distribution of amino acids at protein‐substrate interfaces based on their hydrophobicity, [ 19 ] changes in the interlayer composition after sulfurization of malachite, [ 20 ] and other interfaces of disparate materials. [ 21 ] Here, even though we are focusing on compositional information without x – y resolution, the main reason for it is the homogeneity of the composition in lateral dimensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dimensional Stacking for Machine Learning in ToF‐SIMS Analysis of Heterostructures

Abbasi

Smith

Hoffman

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Inter

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Output from multidimensional datasets obtained from spectroscopic imaging techniques provides large data suitable for machine learning techniques to elucidate physical and chemical attributes that define the maximum variance in the specimens. Here, a recently proposed technique of dimensional stacking is applied to obtain a cumulative depth over several LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures with varying thicknesses. Through dimensional reduction techniques via non‐negative matrix factorization (NMF) and principal component analysis (PCA), it is shown that dimensional stacking provides much more robust statistics and consensus while still being able to separate different specimens of varying parameters. The results of stacked and unstacked samples as well as the dimensional reduction techniques are compared. Applied to four LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures with varying thicknesses, NMF is able to separate 1) surface and film termination; 2) film; 3) interface position; and 4) substrate attributes from each other with near perfect consensus. However, PCA results in the loss of data related to the substrate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensional Stacking for Machine Learning in ToF‐SIMS Analysis of Heterostructures

Abbasi

Smith

Hoffman

et al. 2020

Adv Materials Inter

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“…Zinc oxide ores are first sulfurized with a sulfidizing agent, and then flotation is achieved by using cationic collectors (such as amines) or anion collectors (such as xanthate). The sulfidation process plays a dominant role in the sulfidation-flotation method, and the effect of sulfidation mainly depends on the mineral crystal structure, surface active components, etc [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengthening Sulfidation Flotation of Hemimorphite via Pretreatment with Pb2+

et al. 2019

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The conventional sulfidation-xanthate flotation process that consists of sulfidization with sodium sulfide, activation by heavy-metal ions, and collection with xanthate is not sufficiently efficient for treating hemimorphite, and the dosages of the sulfurizing reagent and metal ions are large. In this study, the sulfidation flotation (Pb 2+ + Na 2 S + Pb 2+ + xanthate) of hemimorphite was strengthened by pretreating with Pb 2+ before sulfidation. Microflotation test results indicated that the recovery of hemimorphite increased by 5-10% after pretreatment with Pb 2+ . The comprehensive results of adsorption experiments, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that a large amount of Pb 2+ was adsorbed on the hemimorphite surface and entered the lattice, forming Zn (4−x) Pb x Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 ·H 2 O. The newly formed component had an increased amount of surface sulfidation active sites and had the effect of induced crystallization, making the surface more effective for sulfidation. After the Pb 2+ was added to the pulp, a large number of uniform and dense PbS species were formed on the hemimorphite surface, increasing the number of adsorption sites for xanthate and reducing the competitive adsorption of residual S 2− on the xanthate.

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“…Because of the sampling depth of 1–3 nm and the ion imaging of sub-micron-resolution, ToF-SIMS is particularly suitable for analyzing the chemical component. 30−32…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In view of the fact that the grinding process is the initial stage of intense mineral mixing, in this study, the migration of surface chemical components of the mixed sample (galena and sphalerite) after mixed grinding was investigated using the ToF-SIMS. Because of the sampling depth of 1–3 nm and the ion imaging of sub-micron-resolution, ToF-SIMS is particularly suitable for analyzing the chemical component. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Interaction between Galena and Sphalerite During Grinding Based on the Migration of Surface Components

et al. 2019

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In Pb–Zn ore flotation, unintentional activation of sphalerite often leads to difficult separation of Pb and Zn minerals, during which grinding plays a key role in unintentional activation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the surface component changes of two different mineral particles and to propose the interaction between galena and sphalerite during mixed grinding using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The results show that after mixed grinding of the galena and sphalerite, the Pb content on the sphalerite surface increased with the decrease of Zn and Fe contents on the sphalerite surface. The lead ions from galena were obviously absorbed onto the sphalerite surface, while the zinc and iron ions from sphalerite were not obviously migrated to the galena surface. Principal component analysis (PCA) of a dataset composed of 206 positive ion peaks of galena and sphalerite indicates that the surface components of galena and sphalerite migrated from either side to different degrees. This study successfully identified an important factor for unintentional activation of lead and zinc minerals during flotation: homogenization of surface components of different minerals during grinding.

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Confirmation of Interlayer Sulfidization of Malachite by TOF-SIMS and Principal Component Analysis

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Dimensional Stacking for Machine Learning in ToF‐SIMS Analysis of Heterostructures

Dimensional Stacking for Machine Learning in ToF‐SIMS Analysis of Heterostructures

Strengthening Sulfidation Flotation of Hemimorphite via Pretreatment with Pb2+

Study on the Interaction between Galena and Sphalerite During Grinding Based on the Migration of Surface Components

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