Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-R in patients with schizophrenia

Allen, Daniel N.; Huegel, Stephen G.; Seaton, Brent E.; Goldstein, Gérald; Gurklis, John A.; Kammen, Daniël P. van

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00090-5

Cited by 46 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The FFD factor is primarily composed of the Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests, and is thought to reflect attention/concentration abilities. Slight variations of this three-factor model account for the tendency of Digit Symbol to load on both the PO and FFD factors in some populations, and on the FFD factor in others (Allen, Seaton, Huegel, Goldstein, Gurklis, & van Kammen, 1998;Burton, Ryan, Paolo, & Mittenberg, 1994;Burton, Sepehri., VandenBroek, Ryan, & Drabman, 2001;Waller & Waldman, 1990 Three different three-factor models were evaluated in the current study. Two of them specified VC, PO and FFD factors, and differed only with regard to the loading of Digit Symbol/Coding, because previous investigations have been inconclusive regarding the loading of Digit Symbol/Coding.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism.

et al. 2008

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Confirmatory factor analyses of the traditional 11 subtests of the Wechsler child and adult intelligence scales were accomplished for 137 children and 118 adults with high functioning autism (HFA) and for comparable age groups from the standardization samples contained in the Wechsler manuals. The objective was determining whether HFA groups produced similar best fitting models to those found in the normative samples or formed a separate "social intelligence" factor. Four-factor models incorporating a "social intelligence" factor provided the best fit in both the autism and normative, but the subtest intercorrelations were generally lower in the autism samples. Findings were interpreted in terms of underconnectivity or reduced communication among brain regions in autism.The Wechsler intelligence scales (Wechsler, 1974;1981;1991) have had widespread application in the assessment of children and adults with autism. Aside from the traditional role of these procedures in educational, vocational, and clinical diagnostic applications, they have been used in autism research to separate high functioning from low functioning autism, for differential diagnostic purposes within the autism spectrum and, perhaps most significantly, for delineating the pattern of cognitive function in autism. The Wechsler contains 11 or more subtests depending upon the version used, making it possible to obtain a cognitive profile of diverse abilities in addition to the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores. A profile apparently unique to high functioning autism has been identified in numerous studies, characterized by relatively high scores on the Block Design subtest and relatively low scores on Comprehension (Rumsey, 1992;Siegel, Minshew & Goldstein, 1996;Yirmiya & Sigman, 1991 NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript subtest scores in autism conducted since 1965since , Siegel et al. (1996 observed that all fourteen reported the Block Design subtest to be the highest Performance subtest, while Comprehension was the lowest Verbal subtest in thirteen of the studies. The consistency of these findings across studies is quite remarkable, given the differences in data analytic and research design methodologies across studies and sites, as well as the various versions of the Wechsler scales used. The Block Design subtest was of particular interest because, often enough, it was not only normal but in the superior range, suggesting the presence of an exceptional spatial constructional ability in some individuals with high functioning autism.In addition to the subtest profile and IQ scores, the Wechsler scales have been repeatedly factor analyzed in both normal and clinical populations. Exploratory factor analysis has generally demonstrated that when the 11 subtest versions of these scales are studied, a threefactor solution is consistently found. More recent applications of factor analysis have employed confirmatory approaches, made possible by advances in structural equation modeling (Jorskog, 197...

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Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism.

et al. 2008

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“…Currently, the literature regarding the factor structure underlying neuropsychological abilities in schizophrenia has produced mixed findings, perhaps related to variation in the use of factor analytic approaches. Multifactor models have been supported in schizophrenia using confirmatory factor analysis of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-R, Wechsler, 1981;Allen et al, 1998) and exploratory factor analysis of brief (Keefe et al, 2004) and extended neuropsychological batteries with and without measures of intelligence and memory (Gladsjo et al, 2004;Green et al, 2002;Hobart et al, 1999). However, several studies reporting multifactor solutions in schizophrenia have extracted factors with eigen values less than 1.0 or failed to use the scree test in determining the number of factors to retain (Green et al, 2002;Hobart et al, 1999;Keefe et al, 2004).…”

Section: Factor Structure Of Neuropsychological Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

Hill

Sweeney

Hamer

et al. 2008

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Efficient and reliable assessments of cognitive treatment effects are essential for the comparative evaluation of procognitive effects of pharmacologic therapies. Yet, no studies have addressed the sensitivity and efficiency with which neurocognitive batteries evaluate cognitive abilities before and after treatment. Participants were primarily first episode schizophrenia patients who completed baseline (n 5 367) and 12-week (n 5 219) assessments with the BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) and CATIE (Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness) neuropsychological batteries in a clinical trial comparing olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that performance on both batteries was characterized by a single factor of generalized cognitive deficit for both baseline performance and cognitive change after treatment. Both batteries estimated similar levels of change following treatment, although the BACS battery required half the administration time. Because a unitary factor characterized baseline cognitive abilities in early psychosis as well as cognitive change after treatment with atypical antipsychotic medications, short batteries such as the BACS may efficiently provide sufficient assessment of procognitive treatment effects with antipsychotic medications. Assessment of cognitive effects of adjunctive therapies targeting specific cognitive domains or impairments may require more extensive testing of the domains targeted to maximize sensitivity for detecting specific predicted cognitive outcomes. (JINS, 2008, 14, 209-221.)

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“…It is generally held that this network of correlations is characterized by a hierarchical factor structure in which individual measures load on broad cognitive ability factors, such as verbal comprehension or processing speed, which in turn load on a higher order latent factor representing general cognitive ability or "g" (Carroll, 1993;Deary, 2001;Jensen, 1998). When reported in schizophrenia factor analytic studies, correlations among cognitive test variables and among cognitive domains are typically moderate to high (Allen et al, 1998;Dickinson et al, 2002;Gladsjo et al, 2004;Hill et al, 2004). Indeed, there is some evidence that correlations among cognitive variables are relatively higher in ill than in healthy groups (Dickinson et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from large groups of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls were available for a broad neuropsy-chological battery from the database of the University of Pennsylvania Schizophrenia Research Center. As a preliminary step, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test six-correlated-factors structural model, similar to ones used in prior analyses (Allen et al, 1998;Dickinson et al, 2002;Gladsjo et al, 2004;Tulsky and Price, 2003). However, our main analyses examined the hierarchical model, using the same broad cognitive ability domains but specifying that these domains would be driven by a single, higher order cognitive ability factor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of cognitive structure in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using confirmatory factor analysis

Dickinson

Ragland

Calkins

et al. 2006

Schizophrenia Research

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There is evidence that cognitive task performance breaks down into the same broad domains in schizophrenia as in healthy populations. However, this does not mean that the domains are independent of one another or that the interrelationships among domains are the same between groups. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to compare the latent structure of a broad neuropsychological battery in schizophrenia patients (n =148) and healthy controls (n =157). Main analyses examined the fit of a hierarchical six-factor model, in which associations among the factors were assumed to reflect their strong shared relationship to a general cognitive ability factor. The model incorporated the factors of verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, verbal memory, spatial memory, processing speed, and executive/working memory. The hierarchical model provided a good overall fit to data from both groups. However multiple groups CFA revealed significant differences in factor loadings between groups, reflecting a more generalized latent structure of cognitive ability in schizophrenia. This was also evident in higher bivariate correlations among cognitive domain composite scores calculated from the observed test data. Cognitive ability, as reflected in test performance, appears to be more unitary in schizophrenia than in healthy subjects. This finding may have measurement and treatment implications.

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Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-R in patients with schizophrenia

Cited by 46 publications

References 12 publications

The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism.

The structure of intelligence in children and adults with high functioning autism.

Efficiency of the CATIE and BACS neuropsychological batteries in assessing cognitive effects of antipsychotic treatments in schizophrenia

A comparison of cognitive structure in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using confirmatory factor analysis

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