Conflict escalation in the Middle East revisited: thinking through interstate rivalries and state-sponsored terrorism

Khan, Akbar; Han, Zhaoying

doi:10.1080/13537121.2020.1720115

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Figure 11g shows the oil smoke plume over the Qayyara oil fields with average particulate backscatter coefficient (532 and 1064 nm) values of 0.14 km -1 sr -1 . Judging by figure 11h and 10i we can deduce that a mixed aerosol layer was distributed between 1500 and 2600 m. This mixed layer was also suggested by (Kahn et al, 2019) who used MISR Active Aerosol Plume-Height (AAP) to establish the SO 2 and oil smoke plume elevation on the same day (Khan and Zhaoying, 2020). Regarding the plume close to the surface, which we attribute to be oil smoke, the particulate backscatter (532 nm) plume values were 3.9 times higher than local background values.…”

Section: Calipso Datasupporting

confidence: 70%

A novel method of identifying and analysing oil smoke plumes based on synergic satellite data

Mereuță

Ajtai

Radovici

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Abstract. Black carbon aerosols are the second largest contributor to global warming while also being linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. These particles are generally found in smoke plumes originating from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion. They are also heavily concentrated in smoke plumes originating from oil fires exhibiting the largest ratio of black carbon to organic carbon. In this study, we identified and analyzed oil smoke plumes derived from 30 major industrial events within a 12-year timeframe. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind that utilized a synergetic approach based on satellite remote sensing techniques. One objective of this study is to highlight the importance of satellite remote sensing techniques in identifying these types of events. As opposed to ground stations, satellite data offers access to remote areas all over the globe which would otherwise be very difficult to reach. Satellite data offers access to these events which, as seen in this study, are mainly located in war prone or hazardous areas. This study focuses on the use of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) products regarding these types of aerosol while also highlighting their intrinsic limitations. By using data from both MODIS instruments onboard Terra and Aqua satellites we addressed the temporal evolution of the smoke plume while assessing Lidar specific properties and plume elevation using CALIPSO data. We present several aerosol properties in the form of plume specific averaged values. The MODIS ocean algorithms were successful in retrieving aerosol properties which, on average, ranged from −0.06 to 0.16 for plume specific AOD, −0.18 to 1.25 for Ångström exponent and 0.29 to 1.73 µm for the effective radius. CALIPSO measurements showed values of plume AOD ranging from 0 to 0.14 (532 nm) and 0 to 0.13 (1064 nm) except for one event where AOD values showed 1.52 (532 nm) and 1.42 (1064 nm). AE values ranged from 0.11 to 0.33 which were in agreeance with MODIS values. A large discrepancy can be found in one event where CALIPSO measured AOD values 5 times higher than MODIS. This event also produced the largest lidar ratio at 109 sr (532 nm) and 86 (1064 nm). Other lidar ratio values ranged from 37 to 55 sr however these unconstrained solutions were obtained for the entire layer of which the plumes were a part of and thus did not reflect specific plume conditions. Particulate backscatter values ranged from 0.002 to 0.0017 km−1 sr−1 while extinction coefficient values ranged from 0.10 to 1.65 km−1. On average backscatter and extinction coefficient values were 2 to 9 times higher than local background values. Particulate depolarization ratios ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 in 4 out of 6 cases while the remaining two ranged from 0.27 to 0.32 where dust was highly dominant. The values represented in this study are in good agreement with similar studies that used ground based and flight measurements. We believe that MODIS values are a conservative estimation of plume AOD since MODIS algorithms rely on general aerosol models and various atmospheric conditions within the look-up tables which do not reflect the highly absorbing nature of these smoke plumes. CALIPSO measurements are heavily dependent on lidar ratios which are not directly measured if plumes within the planetary boundary layer. We also believe that AOD values based on CALIPSO measurements are conservative in nature since heavy absorbing smoke would yield larger lidar ratios and AOD values. Based on this study we conclude that the MODIS land algorithms are not yet suited for retrieving aerosol properties for these types of smoke plumes due to the strong absorbing properties of these aerosols. We believe that these types of studies are a strong indicator for the need of improved aerosol models and retrieval algorithms.

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Section: Calipso Datasupporting

confidence: 70%

A novel method of identifying and analysing oil smoke plumes based on synergic satellite data

Mereuță

Ajtai

Radovici

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Social religion plays a crucial role in shaping the bahavior and perspectives of Muslim communities (Handfield, 2020). The response of these community are not solely determined by religious factors alone but also by external factors that correlate with the ongoing escalation (Khan & Zhaoying, 2020). In Sheikh et al's (2013) research study on the context of Israeli and Palestinian conflict, the Muslim community's response in resilience efforts was influenced by interconnected religious, political and social considerations.…”

Section: Muslim Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern during Israel and Palestine conflict in Muslim society

Airlangga PH,

Saputri,

Nurhakim

2024

IASJOL

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The changes in consuption patterns triggered by the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the pro-Israel boycott movement in Indonesia are important since they show the influence of socio-religious values on cunsumers behavior and the resulting impacts on companies and the workforce. Previous studies primarily focused on analyzing the causes and implications of the conflict, and paid insufficient attention to the socio-religious behavior perspective in changing consumption patterns. This study includes boycott actions, the social and religious characteristics of both pro and con movements, and the involvement of state institutions in responding to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The desk research method is used by collecting data through digital media analysis, including online news, social media, and library research. The findings of this study include the internalization of social religious values as a driving force for boycott actions, moral considerations influencing the defense of opinions in society, and the involvement of major powers in strenghtening the boycott movement. The uniqueness of this study lies in its in-depth approach to religious social behavior in the context of changing consumption patterns amidst armed conflict.

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“…These actions and counteractions make the situation radically worse, thereby affecting security policies and influencing the decision-making calculus, leading to war (Colaresi and Thompson, 2005). This is because states structure their behavior according to dictates of the structure and their adversaries (Smith, 2012), anticipating and preparing them for conflicts (Khan and Zhaoying, 2020a; San-Akca, 2016). In addition, this article contributes to the existing literature of war that, state sponsorship of terrorism is one of the leading escalating steps, provoking rivalries to take additional steps to escalate interstate militarized disputes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steps-to-War Theory and Interstate Wars in the Middle East: Is State-Sponsored Terrorism Another Escalating Step?

Khan

2020

Journal of Asian and African Studies

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I employ Steps-to-War theory to analyze interstate wars in the Middle East by adding an additional escalating step: state sponsorship of non-state actors. Remarkably, however, the present scholarship completely overlooks a comprehensive assessment of the impacts and roles of state-sponsored terrorism on escalation of interstate militarized conflicts. None of the conflict studies focuses on state-sponsored terrorism and escalation of interstate conflict. This gap still exists despite a remarkable growth in the conflict literature. This article argues that the Steps-to-War thesis is a useful framework for understanding why states end up fighting wars by answering the questions: How does state-sponsored terrorism escalate interstate conflict? And how does each step intertwine with other steps and make war more likely? This paper’s primary argument is that state-sponsored terrorism increases the likelihood of war by providing another escalating step in conjunction with other steps and, therefore, aligns with Steps-to-War theory, and is one of the leading escalating factors. Ultimately, this article argues that this claim has a solid basis, and the Middle Eastern cases vividly demonstrate the escalatory ability of state-sponsored terrorism because state-sponsored terrorism interacts with and reinforces other escalating factors.

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Conflict escalation in the Middle East revisited: thinking through interstate rivalries and state-sponsored terrorism

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

A novel method of identifying and analysing oil smoke plumes based on synergic satellite data

A novel method of identifying and analysing oil smoke plumes based on synergic satellite data

Socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern during Israel and Palestine conflict in Muslim society

Steps-to-War Theory and Interstate Wars in the Middle East: Is State-Sponsored Terrorism Another Escalating Step?

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