Congenital Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract: A Comprehensive Review

Pure laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for complicated renal pelvis carcinoma combined with horseshoe kidney: A case report and literature review

“…The formation of HSK may be the result of the fusion between the two umbilical arteries in the early embryonic stage ( 1 ). The anatomical abnormalities of the horseshoe kidney include several aspects: (1) anatomical variation of arteriovenous vessels, such as variable blood supply, and the variant blood vessels can be derived from the inferior mesenteric artery, abdominal aorta, contralateral renal artery, common iliac artery, and internal iliac artery; (2) both sides of the horseshoe kidney are connected by isthmus, which causes the ureter to be compressed when it passes through the ventral side of the isthmus; and (3) the HSK renal hilus turns ventrally by malrotation ( 3 , 4 ).…”

“…Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is a common type of congenital abnormality in renal fusion malformation, which is often regarded to occur in the fourth week of embryonic development. Epidemiological studies showed that it has a prevalence of approximately 0.25% in the general population, and male individuals seemed to be susceptible to suffering from this kind of deformities, with a male to female ratio of approximately 2:1 ( 1 , 2 ). However, rare cases of renal carcinoma combined with HSK were reported, let alone the complex renal pelvis carcinoma complicated by HSK, which leads to big challenges for urologists in cancer management due to the complicated anatomical features.…”

Incidence of congenital anomalies of kidney using computed tomography: A retrospective hospital-based study

“…Kidney growth is a complicated process consists of three stages overlap each other; these are the: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros stages (Simeoni et al, 2017). The two masses of metanephrogenic tissue lie in the pelvis then they reach their definitive position in the lumbar region by ascent, lateral migration, axial deflection, and internal rotation (el-Galley and Keane, 2000; Houat et al, 2021). Various types of renal congenital anomalies might occur due to failure of any embryogenic phases; however, some of these abnormalities are uncommon and generally asymptomatic (Eid et al, 2018).…”

Renal Mass Mimicking Prominent Columns of Bertin: A Case Series

“…12 Renal cancers are considered the ninth most common cancers affecting global individuals across the globe, with increasing incidence and is reportedly associated with poor prognosis. 1,8,13 A sensitivity of 82% to 83% and specificity of 98% to 99% has been attributed to sonographically detecting RCC; however, the accuracy of sonography to screen for RCC is largely dependent on the size of the mass. 13 Unlike RCC, the prevalence of a PCB in the population is largely unknown; 7 however, Houat et al, 1 posit that a PCB occurs in 50% of the population, and 20% of PCBs occur in both kidneys.…”

“…1,8,13 A sensitivity of 82% to 83% and specificity of 98% to 99% has been attributed to sonographically detecting RCC; however, the accuracy of sonography to screen for RCC is largely dependent on the size of the mass. 13 Unlike RCC, the prevalence of a PCB in the population is largely unknown; 7 however, Houat et al, 1 posit that a PCB occurs in 50% of the population, and 20% of PCBs occur in both kidneys. Available literature would indicate that knowledge of a PCB entity and its characteristics were not well known by radiologists until the 1960s, and efforts toward its understanding are continuing.…”