Congenital Defects of the Bovine Central Nervous System

Leipold, H. W.; Hiraga, Takeo; Dennis, S. M.

doi:10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30673-3

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In cattle, this hypoplasia has been reported in Angus and other breeds [7,8]. Although these reports described only the brief clinical signs of the affected animal [8], abnormalities in appearance, pathological changes and other details of the animals were not reported. Constriction or absence of the spinal cord have always been associated with vertebral abnormalities such as segmental aplasia of the spinal cord [4,9], perosomus elumbis [6] and spinal stenosis [3].…”

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confidence: 97%

“…71(3): 337-340, 2009 Congenital abnormalities of the spinal cord have been described collectively as myelodysplasia or dysraphic states [7,10]. In cattle, the occurrence of spina bifida, a spinal neural tube closure defect, is common [8]. Hypoplasia of the spinal cord is defined as a reduced development of one or more segments of the spinal cord [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypoplasia of the spinal cord is defined as a reduced development of one or more segments of the spinal cord [10]. In cattle, this hypoplasia has been reported in Angus and other breeds [7,8]. Although these reports described only the brief clinical signs of the affected animal [8], abnormalities in appearance, pathological changes and other details of the animals were not reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cattle, the occurrence of spina bifida, a spinal neural tube closure defect, is common [8]. Hypoplasia of the spinal cord is defined as a reduced development of one or more segments of the spinal cord [10].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Segmental Hypoplasia of the Spinal Cord in a Japanese Black Calf

Imai

Moritomo

2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Segmental hypoplasia not associated with vertebral abnormalities was found in a Japanese Black calf that was unable to stand. Constriction occurred between the third and 5th segments of the lumbar spinal cord, and was most severe in the 4th segment. Myelodysplasia, such as hydromyelia and syringomyelia, absence or interruption of the central canal, dysplasia of the gray matter, and absence or divergence of the septal connective tissue at the dorsal median septum or the ventral median fissure, were confirmed histologically. These changes indicate hypoplasia of the segments affected following neural tube closure. Therefore, this case was suspected to be a closed neural tube defect. KEY WORDS: Japanese Black calf, myelodysplasia, segmental hypoplasia of the spinal cord.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 71(3): 337-340, 2009 Congenital abnormalities of the spinal cord have been described collectively as myelodysplasia or dysraphic states [7,10]. In cattle, the occurrence of spina bifida, a spinal neural tube closure defect, is common [8]. Hypoplasia of the spinal cord is defined as a reduced development of one or more segments of the spinal cord [10]. In cattle, this hypoplasia has been reported in Angus and other breeds [7,8]. Although these reports described only the brief clinical signs of the affected animal [8], abnormalities in appearance, pathological changes and other details of the animals were not reported. Constriction or absence of the spinal cord have always been associated with vertebral abnormalities such as segmental aplasia of the spinal cord [4,9], perosomus elumbis [6] and spinal stenosis [3].In this study, we describe a rare anomaly of the spinal cord, namely, segmental hypoplasia of the spinal cord in a calf that was not associated with vertebral abnormalities. The morphological changes of the malformed spinal cord were examined, and their pathogenesis was discussed from an embryological viewpoint. The subject was a male Japanese Black calf that was unable to stand after birth. His left forelimb and right hindlimb were not flexible and exhibited only mild convulsion. In general appearance, spinal defects could not be confirmed. Although the calf was born 2 weeks before the expected delivery date, the general conditions, such as vigor and appetite, were fine. The calf was euthanized after one month according to the request of the owner of the animal, and a postmortem examination was performed. The weight of the calf before the necropsy was 42 kg, indicating a reduced growth compared to normal calves. It was the first delivery of the cow, which went through a normal pregnancy and did not receive the administration of any drugs. No similar cases have been reported from the maternal or paternal line of the calf.The necropsy confirmed a constriction between the third (L3) and fifth (L5) segments of the lumbar spinal cord, with the constriction in the fourth segment (L4) being the most severe (diameter: approx. 6 mm) (Fig. 1). Despite a mild dorsal curvature of the spine, no spinal canal narrowing or abno...

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Segmental Hypoplasia of the Spinal Cord in a Japanese Black Calf

Imai

Moritomo

2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Intestinal atresia is thought to occur following disruption of vascular integrity and has been associated with rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis before day 42 of gestation. 2,5 An estimated 0.5-1.0% of calves born have spontaneous congenital defects, 12 and a higher percentage succumb to abortion. 1 Fetal losses, reduced gestation length and birth weight, incidences of dystocia, perinatal loss, and anomalies have been greatest for embryos produced by in vitro procedures and nuclear transfer.…”

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Multiple Congenital Anomalies in a Calf

et al. 1999

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A 4-hour-old mixed-breed black heifer calf produced from in vitro fertilization and born via Caesarian section 6 days prior to the anticipated due date was euthanized because of multiple obvious congenital anomalies and an inability to stand. The number of congenital anomalies was remarkable and included anal and vulvar atresia, hypoplastic clitoral tissue, cervical block vertebrae, anotia, brachygnathia inferior, secondary cleft palate, calvarial doming with hydrocephalus and stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct, high ventricular septal defect, rectovaginal fistula, and dermal hamartomas.Few previous reports of congenital anomalies in calves have documented the number and the severity of those seen in this calf. Because development of tissues and organs is interdependent, it is not uncommon for more than 1 anomaly to appear in an animal. In this calf, several rarely reported anomalies, such as anotia, vulvar atresia, and dermal hamartomas, were evident; these anomalies have not been previously documented in cattle.An oocyst from an apparently healthy slaughterhouse cow was fertilized with sperm from a transgenic bull and implanted in a 16-month-old recipient heifer on day 8 of embryo development. Gestation proceeded without any clinical evidence of difficulty. The dam was vaccinated a against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and 5 strains of leptospires (canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, pomona) and treated with an anthelmintic b 60 days prior to utilization as the recipient dam. An Escherichia coli, bovine coronavirus, and rotavirus vaccine was administered 8 weeks and 4 weeks prior to the anticipated parturition date. c A second injection of anthelmintic was also administered 8 weeks prior to the expected parturition.This calf was euthanized because of the presence of anal and vulvar atresia, which are incompatible with life. Necropsy results confirmed the presence of additional external anomalies for this small-term calf, including hypoplastic clitoris, meconium-filled perivulvar subcutaneous sac, short neck, aplasia of the external, middle, and inner ear canals (anotia), brachygnathia inferior, secondary cleft palate, calvarial doming, and locally extensive alopecia over the dorsal cranium.Internal congenital anomalies included stenosis of the Sylvian aqueduct resulting in severe bilateral congenital internal hydrocephalus (Fig. 1), bilateral agenesis of the tympanic bullae, a large and high ventricular septal defect, bilateral hypoplastic ovaries (right, 1.5 cm long; left, 1.7 cm long), Present address: Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Box 3612, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 6R8 (Newman).Received for publication July 14, 1998. and a rectovaginal fistula (Fig. 2) associated with the imperforate anus and vulva. This fistula had resulted in the production of a meconium-filled cloaca, which protruded externally as a pendulous subcutaneous sac containing rudimentary ...

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Congenital, familial, and genetic disorders

2022

Large Animal Neurology

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Congenital Defects of the Bovine Central Nervous System

Cited by 25 publications

References 39 publications

Segmental Hypoplasia of the Spinal Cord in a Japanese Black Calf

Segmental Hypoplasia of the Spinal Cord in a Japanese Black Calf

Multiple Congenital Anomalies in a Calf

Congenital, familial, and genetic disorders

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