2003
DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2003.16.4.471
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Congenital Malformations and Developmental Changes of the Breast: A Neonatological View

Abstract: Congenital malformations of the breast and nipple-areolar complex are described from the aspect of neonatal dysmorphology. Their classification is based on the accepted nomenclature in the medical literature and on a special method of clinical examination. The embryology and the possible genes involved in breast development are also discussed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of breast malformations. Except for amastia, polymastia and polythelia, which have received much attention, the data f… Show more

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Cited by 27 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…The patient's kidneys and urinary tract were normal, although he presented supernumerary nipples that have been associated, by some authors, with a higher incidence of congenital nephro-urinary malformations 9 . MRI showed the absence of the olfactory sulci and a pituitary of reduced size.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 83%
“…The patient's kidneys and urinary tract were normal, although he presented supernumerary nipples that have been associated, by some authors, with a higher incidence of congenital nephro-urinary malformations 9 . MRI showed the absence of the olfactory sulci and a pituitary of reduced size.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 83%
“…These abnormalities may be evident in longitudinal measurement as a short sternum, or in horizontal measurement as deviations in chest circumference and widely spaced nipples. [3] Internipple distance, head circumference, inner and outer canthal distance and anteroposterior and transverse ocular distance are some important measurements when diagnosing dysmorphology. [2] Closely spaced nipples have often been noted in Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy) and cerebrocostomandibular syndrome.…”
Section: Researchmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…3 Bilateral amastia is associated with other congenital anomalies in 40% of patients. 14 The evaluation of patients with amastia depends on the history and physical findings.…”
Section: Premature Thelarchementioning
confidence: 99%