Conjunctivitis

Azari, Amir A.; Barney, Neal P.

doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318

Cited by 456 publications

(355 citation statements)

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“…Acute ocular exposures to high concentrations of air pollutants are well known to cause pain, redness, burning, and watering of the eyes [39]. An estimated 15-40% of the population in developed countries are affected by conjunctivitis [40,41]. Inflammatory eye disorders are increasingly linked to cost, quality of life, unnecessary antibiotic use, and lost school/ work productivity [37,[42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, conjunctivitis is among the most common reasons for emergency department (ED) visits, particularly for children [46,47]. The conjunctiva is the eye's protective barrier to the environment, comprised of membranes that enfold the external portion of the sclera (white portion of the eye) and the inner eyelid [40]. The laymen's term for conjunctivitis is "pink eye," due to the pink or red appearance from inflamed and edematous blood vessels and tissues when infected, irritated, or injured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that there are associations between levels of air pollution and ED visits for conjunctivitis, with different temporal trends and strength of association by age, sex, and season. include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, pain, foreign body sensations, itching, burning, discharges, and inability to tolerate contact lenses [40]. The conjunctiva is continuously bathed in a tear film, which acts as both a lubricant for eye movement and a protective barrier to dilute and remove harmful environmental impurities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, pain, foreign body sensations, itching, burning, discharges, and inability to tolerate contact lenses [40]. The conjunctiva is continuously bathed in a tear film, which acts as both a lubricant for eye movement and a protective barrier to dilute and remove harmful environmental impurities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

Szyszkowicz

Kousha

Castner

2016

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between emergency department (ED) visits for conjunctivitis and ambient air pollution levels in urban regions across the province of Ontario, Canada. Material and Methods: Information from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System was used to create time-series records, for the period of April 2004 to December 2011, on emergency department visits of patients suffering from conjunctivitis. A total of 77 439 emergency department visits for conjunctivitis were analyzed. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied, completed with meta-analysis in order to pool inter-city results. Odds ratio (OR) for an emergency department visit was calculated in different population strata per one-unit increase (one interquartile range -IQR increase in a pollutant's daily level) while controlling for the impacts of temperature and relative humidity. Results: Statistically significant positive results were observed in the female population sample, for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) exposure lagged 5-8 days, with the highest result for the 7-day lag (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.018-1.052) and for fine particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), for lags 6 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 7 (OR = 1.017, 95% CI: 1.003-1.031). In the male population sample, statistically significant positive results were observed for NO 2 at lag 5 days (OR = 1.024, 95% CI: 1.004-1.045) and for ozone (O 3 ), at lags 0-3 and 7 days, with the highest result for lag 0 (OR = 1.038, 95% CI: 1.012-1.056). Also for males, statistically significant results were observed in the case of PM 2.5 exposure lagged by 5 days (OR = 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.038) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) exposure lagged by 1 and 2 days (OR = 1.016, 95% CI: 1.000-1.031 and OR = 1.018, 95% CI: 1.002-1.033). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that there are associations between levels of air pollution and ED visits for conjunctivitis, with different temporal trends and strength of association by age, sex, and season. include blurred vision, sensitivity to light, pain, foreign body sensations, itching, burning, discharges, and inability to tolerate contact lenses [40]. The conjunctiva is continuously bathed in a tear film, which acts as both a lubricant for eye movement and a protective barrier to dilute and remove harmful environmental impurities. Higher levels of ambient air pollution have been correlated with adverse effects on the tear film, ocular mucosa, ocular surface, and eyelid margins [30,36,39,[48][49][50]. Several population studies have examined the associations between air pollution levels and ED visits for eye diseases [17,21,23,24]. To our knowledge, no multi-city studies have investigated this link for cities in North America. Filling this gap in the epidemiologic literature is important; multi-city studies are known to give more reliable results, less liable to biases in comparison to studies concerned with individual urban centers [51...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

Szyszkowicz

Kousha

Castner

2016

Int J Occup Med Environ Health

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“…Some common eye infection are pink eye and Blepharitis which is an inflammation of the eyelid margins which can lead to discomfort and decreased the visual function [4].Trachoma is another eye infection ,more common in poor countries, that is spread easily and can lead to blindness [5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on the Etiologic Agents of Bacterial Eye Infections in Khartoum State

2017

Sept. 28-30, 2017 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) ESTSD-17, IEREM-17, CBAES-17, LHSSE-17 &Amp; TBFL-17

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Does This Patient With Acute Infectious Conjunctivitis Have a Bacterial Infection?

Johnson

Liu

Simel

2022

JAMA

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IMPORTANCE Acute infectious conjunctivitis is characterized by ocular redness and discharge, and is a common clinical entity. Evidence-based tools to aid the clinical diagnosis of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis are lacking and may contribute to overprescribing of topical antibiotics.OBJECTIVE To determine the relative prevalence of viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis in adults and children, and to determine which symptoms or signs are suggestive of a viral vs bacterial etiology.DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search (January 1946-March 2022) yielded 1891 articles. Included articles were rated using a quality score based on a modified Rational Clinical Examination grading system. Methodological quality levels 1 through 4 required a microbiological reference standard for diagnosis, whereas quality level 5 (the lowest quality) used a clinical reference standard for diagnosis.STUDY SELECTION Consecutive series of patients presenting with acute infectious conjunctivitis and case series of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis alone. Thirty-two studies were included in a meta-analysis to determine prevalence and diagnostic accuracy measures; 27 used a microbiological reference standard for diagnosis and 5 used a clinical reference standard for diagnosis. RESULTSIn studies involving children (5 studies; 881 patients; mean age, 4.7 years [age range, 1 month-18 years]), the prevalence of bacterial conjunctivitis was higher than viral conjunctivitis (71% vs 16%, respectively, P = .01). In the only study of adults (n = 207 patients; mean age, 25.7 years), the prevalence of viral conjunctivitis was higher than bacterial conjunctivitis (78% vs 16%, respectively, P < .001). For the primary analysis of level 1 (n = 6) and level 2 (n = 5) studies (1725 patients total), the clinical findings that best distinguished a viral etiology for conjunctivitis from a bacterial etiology included pharyngitis (sensitivity range, 0.55-0.58; specificity range, 0.89-0.94; positive likelihood ratio [LR] range, 5.4-9.9), preauricular lymphadenopathy (sensitivity range, 0.17-0.31; specificity range, 0.93-0.94; positive LR range, 2.5-5.6), and contact with another person with red eye (

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Conjunctivitis

Cited by 456 publications

References 71 publications

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

Air pollution and emergency department visits for conjunctivitis: A case-crossover study

A Study on the Etiologic Agents of Bacterial Eye Infections in Khartoum State

Does This Patient With Acute Infectious Conjunctivitis Have a Bacterial Infection?

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