“…They analyze the timing of a make-or-buy decision and the option to reverse this decision, but do not discuss the duration of each value chain activity as we propose. Scholars are also examining time, timing, and related concepts of flexibility in temporary organizational forms (Stjerne & Svejenova, 2016), interorganizational projects (Ligthart et al, 2016), and "project-based firms" (Hobday, 2000;Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi, 2004) to a greater extent, due to their increased occurrence in a broad range of industries such as construction, film-making, human resources, new product development, and software development (Bakker, 2010;DeFillippi & Arthur, 1998;Lakemond & Berggren, 2006;Zwikael & Unger-Aviram, 2010). These types of organizations are established to achieve pre-defined goals and are characterized by an ex ante defined limited time of interaction between members, but their connection to GVCs is not the focus of this research.…”