Connections of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey

Carpenter, Malcolm B.; Carleton, Steven C.; Keller, Jeffrey T.; Conte, Patricia

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)91113-6

Cited by 261 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The only study to date examining the dynamics of activity during learning in the STN of healthy humans showed a decrease in prechoice activity similar to the one we have shown in GPe spiking activity (44) and is in line with our results and with the robust reciprocal connections between the GPe and the STN (45).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Pallidal spiking activity reflects learning dynamics and predicts performance

Schechtman

Noblejas

Mizrahi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The basal ganglia (BG) network has been divided into interacting actor and critic components, modulating the probabilities of different state-action combinations through learning. Most models of learning and decision making in the BG focus on the roles of the striatum and its dopaminergic inputs, commonly overlooking the complexities and interactions of BG downstream nuclei. In this study, we aimed to reveal the learning-related activity of the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), a downstream structure whose computational role has remained relatively unexplored. Recording from monkeys engaged in a deterministic three-choice reversal learning task, we found that changes in GPe discharge rates predicted subsequent behavioral shifts on a trial-by-trial basis. Furthermore, the activity following the shift encoded whether it resulted in reward or not. The frequent changes in stimulus-outcome contingencies (i.e., reversals) allowed us to examine the learning-related neural activity and show that GPe discharge rates closely matched across-trial learning dynamics. Additionally, firing rates exhibited a linear decrease in sequences of correct responses, possibly reflecting a gradual shift from goal-directed execution to automaticity. Thus, modulations in GPe spiking activity are highest for attentiondemanding aspects of behavior (i.e., switching choices) and decrease as attentional demands decline (i.e., as performance becomes automatic). These findings are contrasted with results from striatal tonically active neurons, which show none of these task-related modulations. Our results demonstrate that GPe, commonly studied in motor contexts, takes part in cognitive functions, in which movement plays a marginal role.basal ganglia | learning | attention | globus pallidus | actor-critic model T he basal ganglia have long been implicated in learning new skills and associations (1). One of the most influential models of these structures distinguishes between two domains: the main axis, whose function is to execute and choose between different actions based on their expected outcome, and the neuromodulators, which act to shape the connectivity within said axis by incorporating information regarding the results of actions on the internal and external state. These components are aptly named the actor and critic, respectively (2).The roles of the striatum, the largest structure in the main axis, and dopamine, the key neuromodulator serving as a critic in the basal ganglia framework, have been thoroughly studied. Dopamine modifies the efficacy of the corticostriatal synapses, as well as the striatal excitability directly, using signals that incorporate both expectation and external gains and losses (3-5). Decades of research have revealed the manner in which signals relaying information concerning expected and actual gains and costs are incorporated in the striatal dynamic system (6-9). However, these dopamine-and striato-centric views often fail to take into account our current understanding of the basal ganglia, which ac...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Pallidal spiking activity reflects learning dynamics and predicts performance

Schechtman

Noblejas

Mizrahi

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Second, the LCGU change may be an indirect effect of MAP neurotoxicity. The striatal DA D2 receptor-associated output is mediated primarily through the globus pallidus and the major afferent to the subthalamic nucleus is a GABAergic projection from the globus pallidus (Carpenter et al 1981;Ogren and Fuxe 1988). Both the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus contain relative few DA D2 receptors (Boyson et al 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Repeated High-Dose Methamphetamine on Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rats

Huang¹

1999

Neuropsychopharmacology

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“…It is likely that the in-phase high-frequency synchronization observed in the STN of PD patients is caused by synchronous activity occurring in other areas. Two likely candidates are the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and the cerebral cortex, both of which send massive input to the STN (Carpenter et al, 1981;Canteras et al, 1990). These two areas are integral to corticostriatal-GPe-STN-GPi ("indirect" pathway) and cortico-STN-GPi-thalamic circuitry, respectively (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-frequency Synchronization of Neuronal Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus of Parkinsonian Patients with Limb Tremor

et al. 2000

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It has been hypothesized that in Parkinson's disease (PD) there is increased synchronization of neuronal firing in the basal ganglia. This study examines the discharge activity of 121 pairs of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons in nine PD patients undergoing functional stereotactic mapping. Four patients had a previous pallidotomy. A double microelectrode setup was used to simultaneously record from two neurons separated by distances as small as 250 m. In the six patients who had limb tremor during the recording session (n ϭ 76 pairs), the discharge pattern of 12 pairs of tremor cells (TCs) was found to be coherent at the frequency of the limb tremor. Both in-phase and out-of-phase relationships were observed between TCs. Interestingly, in these six patients, 63/129 single neurons displayed 15-30 Hz oscillations, whereas 36/76 pairs were coherent in this frequency range. Although the oscillatory frequencies were variable between patients, they were highly clustered within a patient. The phase difference between these pairs was found to be close to 0. High-frequency synchronization was observed during periods of limb tremor as well as during intermittent periods with no apparent limb tremor. In contrast, in the three patients without limb tremor during the recording session, only 1/84 neurons had high-frequency oscillatory activity, and no TCs or synchronous high-frequency oscillatory activity was observed (n ϭ 45 pairs). These findings demonstrate that in PD patients with limb tremor, many STN neurons display high-frequency oscillations with a high degree of in-phase synchrony. The results suggest that high-frequency synchronized oscillatory activity may be associated with the pathology that gives rise to tremor in PD patients.

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Connections of the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey

Cited by 261 publications

References 43 publications

Pallidal spiking activity reflects learning dynamics and predicts performance

Pallidal spiking activity reflects learning dynamics and predicts performance

Effects of Repeated High-Dose Methamphetamine on Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in Rats

High-frequency Synchronization of Neuronal Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus of Parkinsonian Patients with Limb Tremor

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