Consciousness in the Locked-in Syndrome

Gosseries, Olivia; Bruno, Marie-Aurélie; Vanhaudenhuyse, Audrey; Laureys, Steven; Schnakers, Caroline

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374168-4.00015-0

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…In other words, high gamma coherence seems to be associated with alertness. Therefore, it is expected that in conditions such as the locked‐in syndrome, which is mainly produced by lesions of descending motor pathways (Gosseries et al ., ) as well as during intraoperative awareness (Mashour & Avidan, ), gamma coherence would be high. Consequently, the present data suggest that measures of gamma power and coherence will be of assistance in diagnosing the presence of consciousness when communication with patients is not possible (Owens et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol‐induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy

Torterolo

Castro-Zaballa

Cavelli

et al. 2016

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Higher cognitive functions require the integration and coordination of large populations of neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. Oscillations in the gamma band (30-45 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in these cognitive functions. In previous studies, we analysed the extent of functional connectivity between cortical areas employing the 'mean squared coherence' analysis of the EEG gamma band. We demonstrated that gamma coherence is maximal during alert wakefulness and is almost absent during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) is critical for REM sleep generation. The NPO is considered to exert executive control over the initiation and maintenance of REM sleep. In the cat, depending on the previous state of the animal, a single microinjection of carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) into the NPO can produce either REM sleep [REM sleep induced by carbachol (REMc)] or a waking state with muscle atonia, i.e. cataplexy [cataplexy induced by carbachol (CA)]. In the present study, in cats that were implanted with electrodes in different cortical areas to record polysomnographic activity, we compared the degree of gamma (30-45 Hz) coherence during REMc, CA and naturally-occurring behavioural states. Gamma coherence was maximal during CA and alert wakefulness. In contrast, gamma coherence was almost absent during REMc as in naturally-occurring REM sleep. We conclude that, in spite of the presence of somatic muscle paralysis, there are remarkable differences in cortical activity between REMc and CA, which confirm that EEG gamma (≈40 Hz) coherence is a trait that differentiates wakefulness from REM sleep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol‐induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy

Torterolo

Castro-Zaballa

Cavelli

et al. 2016

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Classical LIS patients 1 offer us a unique opportunity to study this matter as they suffer from a full-body paralysis with preserved cognitive functions (Bruno, Bernheim, Schnakers, & Laureys, 2008;Bruno, Pellas, Schnackers et al, 2008;Gosseries, Bruno, Vanhaudenhuyse, Laureys, & Schnakers, 2009;Laureys, Perrin, & Bredart, 2007;Schnakers et al, 2008). LIS often results from a vascular accident touching the brain stem (Laureys et al, 2005) and is characterized by complete awareness and the ability to communicate using vertical eye movements or blinking while being paralyzed and voiceless (American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From armchair to wheelchair: How patients with a locked-in syndrome integrate bodily changes in experienced identity

Nizzi

Demertzi

Gosseries

et al. 2012

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…Tavalaro trained her residual movements to use a computer and eventually penned her own memoirs "Look Up for Yes". Philippe Vigand, another victim of LIS, cultivated an infrared camera which in turn enabled him to "speak" and "write" by blinking his eyes [25]. This magic camera helped Philippe write his memoir, entitled "Only the Eyes Say Yes".…”

Section: Evidences Of Speech Communication In Locked-in Patientsmentioning

confidence: 98%

EEG Based Brain Computer Interface for Speech Communication: Principles and Applications

Mohanchandra

Saha

Lingaraju

2014

Brain-Computer Interfaces

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EEG based brain computer interface has emerged as a hot spot in the study of neuroscience, machine learning and rehabilitation in the recent years. A BCI provides a platform for direct communication between a human brain and a computer without the normal neurophysiology pathways. The electrical signals in the brain, because of their fast response to cognitive processes are most suitable as non-motor controlled mediation between the human and a computer. It can serve as a communication and control channel for different applications. Though the primary goal is to restore communication in severely paralyzed population, the BCI for speech communication fetches recognition in a variety of non-medical fields, the silent speech communication, cognitive biometrics and synthetic telepathy to name a few. A survey of diverse applications and principles of the BCI technology used for speech communication is discussed in this chapter. An ample evidence of speech communication used by "locked-in" patients is specified. Through the aid of assistive computer technology, they were able to pen their memoir. The current state-of-the-art techniques and control signals used for speech communication is described in brief. Possible future research directions are discussed. A comparison of indirect and direct methods of BCI speech production is shown. The direct method involves capturing the brain signals of the intended speech or speech imagery, processes the signals to predict the speech and synthesizes the speech

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Consciousness in the Locked-in Syndrome

Cited by 20 publications

References 65 publications

Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol‐induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy

Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol‐induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy

From armchair to wheelchair: How patients with a locked-in syndrome integrate bodily changes in experienced identity

EEG Based Brain Computer Interface for Speech Communication: Principles and Applications

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