Conservation of sequence and structure flanking the mouse and human β-globin loci: The β-globin genes are embedded within an array of odorant receptor genes

Abstract

Genetics. In the article "Conservation of sequence and structure flanking the mouse and human ␤-globin loci: The ␤-globin genes are embedded within an array of odorant receptor genes" by Michael Bulger, J. Hikke von Doorninck, Noriko Saitoh, Agnes Telling, Catherine Farrell, M. A. Bender, Gary Felsenfeld, Richard Axel, and Mark Groudine, which appeared in number 9, April 27, 1999 of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (96,(5129)(5130)(5131)(5132)(5133)(5134), the authors request that the following change be noted. Due to a printer's error, the author's name, J. Hikke von Doorninck, is misspelled and should be J. Hikke van Doorninck.Neurobiology. In the article "The effect of dynamic synapses on spatiotemporal receptive fields in visual cortex" by Ö mer B. Artun, Harel Z. Shouval, and Leon N. Cooper, which appeared in number 20, September 29, 1998, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (95, 11999 -12003), the legend for Neurobiology. In the article "Fluctuations and stimulusinduced changes in blood flow observed in individual capillaries in layers 2 through 4 of rat neocortex" by David Kleinfeld, Partha P. Mitra, Fritjof Helmchen, and Winfried Denk, which appeared in number 26, December 22, 1998, of Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, the authors request that the following correction be noted. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy was used to measure the flow of red blood cells in capillaries in the living brain. In this manuscript, we also reported the length-constant for attenuation of the signal (i.e., two-photon excited fluorescence) as a function of penetration depth into the cortex. As a result of an error in our analysis, the length-constants for each data set were overestimated. The correct value for the data of Fig. 1 is 100 m (instead of 140 m), and the range of values over all data sets is from 100 m to 170 m (instead of 120 m to 220 m). We apologize for any inconvenience caused by our error. None of the other results or conclusions in the original manuscript are affected. Contributed by Gary Felsenfeld, February 24, 1999 ABSTRACT In mouse and human, the ␤-globin genes reside in a linear array that is associated with a positive regulatory element located 5 to the genes known as the locus control region (LCR). The sequences of the mouse and human ␤-globin LCRs are homologous, indicating conservation of an essential function in ␤-globin gene regulation. We have sequenced regions f lanking the ␤-globin locus in both mouse and human and found that homology associated with the LCR is more extensive than previously known, making up a conserved block of Ϸ40 kb. In addition, we have identified DNaseI-hypersensitive sites within the newly sequenced regions in both mouse and human, and these structural features also are conserved. Finally, we have found that both mouse and human ␤-globin loci are embedded within an array of odorant receptor genes that are expressed in olfactory epithelium, and we also identify an olfactory receptor gene located 3 of the ␤-globin locus in chicken. The data demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved genom...

Comparative structural and functional analysis of the olfactory receptor genes flanking the human and mouse β-globin gene clusters

“…In addition, a 1-kb block of sequence located 3Ј of the globin genes also demonstrated significant homology with a similarly placed sequence in human (Fig. 3D), which corresponds to a nuclease hypersensitive site in erythroid cells (19,30). Along with the sequence matches within the introns, noncoding exons, and promoters of the ORGs, all of these regions are candidates for regulatory sequences.…”

“…Our initial sequencing of regions flanking the HBBC locus in human and Hbbc in mouse demonstrated that the ␤-globin genes were embedded in a cluster of ORGs (19). We have extended our sequencing to include additional regions flanking the ␤-globin genes, which allowed us to generate a contiguous sequence of 224 kb from mouse and two contigs from human of 345 kb and 36 kb, separated by a gap of about 6 kb (Fig.…”

“…Previously, we reported that ORGs surround the complex of ␤-like globin genes of humans (HBBC) and mice (Hbbc) (19). (We use the abbreviation HBBC to refer to the complex of genes containing HBE1, HBG2, HBG1, HBD, and HBB at 11p15.5 in humans, and Hbbc for the complex of genes containing Hbb-y, Hbb-bh1, Hbb-b1, and Hbb-b2 on chromosome 7 in mice.)…”

Three-dimensional positioning of genes in mouse cell nuclei

“…However, despite the absence of high GC content in cold-blooded vertebrates, when DNA probes of GC-rich, gene-rich sequences from chicken were hybridized to nuclei of a frog and a lizard, the homologous regions detected were found in central areas of the nuclei (Federico et al 2006). An increase in GC content in warm-blooded animals could confer a selective advantage particularly in genes which are expressed in many different cell types while a selective advantage may be lower or absent for genes which are functionally important only in one cell type such as the β-globin gene or the neighboring olfactory receptor genes (Bulger et al 1999). This may be one reason why the correlation of GC content and gene density is not perfect.…”

Genetic selection system allowing monitoring of myofibrillogenesis in living cardiomyocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells

“…The human α-actinin 2A isoform gene was amplified by PCR from pET6-ACTN2 (Young et al, 1998) with the α-actinin-EGFP fragment (Dätwyler et al, 2001), yielding the α-MHC-α-actinin-EGFP-IRES-BSD construct. The 523-bp DNase I-hypersensitive site (HS)-2 element (accession number: S73747.1) from the β-globin Locus Control Region (LCR) (Walters et al, 1996;Bulger et al, 1999;Grosveld, 1999) was amplified from mouse genomic DNA by PCR (primers: see Table 1), digested with MluI, and subcloned into the SM13.4 and FS2.2 vectors that contain an expression cassette for the α-actinin-EGFP fusion protein driven by the CMV-IE promoter and the 475-bp human elongation factor (EF)-1α promoter (Chung et al, 2002), respectively, yielding the HS2-CMV-α-actinin-EGFP and HS2-EF1-α-actinin-EGFP expression constructs. Finally, the HS2 fragment was also inserted upstream of the respective cardiac-specific promoters in bicistronic expression constructs.…”