Considerations for Maximizing the Exercise “Drug” to Combat Insulin Resistance: Role of Nutrition, Sleep, and Alcohol

Abstract

Insulin resistance is a key etiological factor in promoting not only type 2 diabetes mellitus but also cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is a first-line therapy for combating chronic disease by improving insulin action through, in part, reducing hepatic glucose production and lipolysis as well as increasing skeletal muscle glucose uptake and vasodilation. Just like a pharmaceutical agent, exercise can be viewed as a “drug” such that identifying an optimal prescription requires a determination of mode, intensity, and timing as well as consideration of how much exercise is done relative to sitting for prolonged periods (e.g., desk job at work). Furthermore, proximal nutrition (nutrient timing, carbohydrate intake, etc.), sleep (or lack thereof), as well as alcohol consumption are likely important considerations for enhancing adaptations to exercise. Thus, identifying the maximal exercise “drug” for reducing insulin resistance will require a multi-health behavior approach to optimize type 2 diabetes and CVD care.

Early chronotype with metabolic syndrome favours resting and exercise fat oxidation in relation to insulin‐stimulated non‐oxidative glucose disposal

“…However, all people exercised at the same time of day. This is worth considering as a strength since recent work highlights the time of day as an important consideration for molecular adaptations (Sato et al., 2022 ) as well as having potential implications for health (Remchak et al., 2021 ). Given our EC participants engaged in PA earlier in the day, future work ought to consider how exercise time of day aligns with chronotype for health benefit.…”

Relative Importance of Physical Activity and Body Composition on Insulin Resistance in Older Adult Population

“…51 Alternatively, research indicated that a sedentary lifestyle increased the risk of IR. 52,53 People enjoy recreational PA and therefore are more likely to engage more often or for longer periods of time, leading to less time in sedentary activities. On the other hand, individuals with more work-related PA may need rest after work; therefore, they have more sedentary activities.…”

“…Alternatively, research indicated that a sedentary lifestyle increased the risk of IR 52,53. People enjoy recreational PA and therefore are more likely to engage more often or for longer periods of time, leading to less time in sedentary activities.…”

Role of Nanoparticles against Diabetes Mellitus and Cancer

“…The output of Insulin is about 0.5-1.0 U/h beneath the basal situation and will increase about 5 instances after ingestion of meals [16]. A basic advance in keeping up glucose homeostasis and clearing the postprandial glucose load is the capacity of insulin to encourage tissue glucose take-up [17]. The cre-ation of insulin is straightforwardly corresponding to the amount of sugar (starches) burned through.…”