Considering Gender-Biased Assumptions in Evolutionary Biology

Ahnesjö, Ingrid; Brealey, Jaelle C.; Günter, Katerina Pia; Martinossi‐Allibert, Ivain; Morinay, Jennifer; Siljestam, Mattias; Stångberg, Josefine; Vasconcelos, Paula

doi:10.1007/s11692-020-09492-z

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The centroid size (CS) is regarded as a proxy for the size of the whorls and equals the (Smith, 1914), (E, F) GSUB C9946 (G, H) GSUB C12906; (I-L) Frechites occidentalis (Smith, 1914) (Monnet & Bucher, 2005), (A, B) GSUB C11111, (C-E) GSUB C11158; (F-J) Marcouxites spinifer (Smith, 1914), (F, G) GSUB C10050, (H-J) GSUB C10137; (K-N) Gymnotoceras mimetus (Monnet & Bucher, 2005) square root of the summed squared distances of each landmark from the centroid of the landmark configuration before the GPA (Zelditch, Swiderski & Sheets, 2012). The function geomorph::combine.subsets was originally introduced to combine different parts of a body (e.g., heads and tails ;Collyer, Davis & Adams, 2020).…”

Section: Calculation Of Procrustes Shapementioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of highly variable ceratitid ammonoids from the Anisian (Middle Triassic)

Bischof

Schlüter

Korn

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Ammonoids reached their greatest diversity during the Triassic period. In the early Middle Triassic (Anisian) stage, ammonoid diversity was dominated by representatives of the family Ceratitidae. High taxonomic diversity can, however, be decoupled from their morphologic disparity. Due to its high phenotypic variability, the high diversity of ceratitids of the Anisian of Nevada was initially assumed to be caused by artificial over-splitting. This study aims to contribute data to settle this issue by applying geometric morphometrics methods, using landmarks and semi-landmarks, in the study of ontogenetic cross-sections of ammonoids for the first time. The results reveal that alterations in ontogenetic trajectories, linked to heterochronic processes, lead to the morphologic diversification of the species studied herein. Our knowledge, based on these ontogenetic changes, challenge the traditional treatment of species using solely adult characters for their distinction. This study furthermore demonstrates that the high diversity of the Anisian ammonoid assemblages of Nevada based on the traditional nomenclatoric approach is regarded to be reasonably accurate.

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Section: Calculation Of Procrustes Shapementioning

confidence: 99%

Ontogeny of highly variable ceratitid ammonoids from the Anisian (Middle Triassic)

Bischof

Schlüter

Korn

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…When designing experiments, these reflective questions can be useful: Are the assumptions, theoretical background presentation, terminology, and interpretations liable to gender stereotypical bias? 76 Are gender stereotypes perpetuated by ascribing emotional states to behavior (e.g., aggressive, rapacious, voracious)? In sexual selection experiments, is sexual/social selection in both females and males taken into account?…”

Section: Suggestions For Alleviating Biases In Sexual Selection and B...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The history of sexual selection research provides insights as to why females are still understudied

Ah-King

2022

Nat Commun

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While it is widely acknowledged that Darwin’s descriptions of females were gender-biased, gender bias in current sexual selection research is less recognized. An examination of the history of sexual selection research shows prevalent male precedence—that research starts with male-centered investigations or explanations and thereafter includes female-centered equivalents. In comparison, the incidence of female precedence is low. Furthermore, a comparison between the volume of publications focusing on sexual selection in males versus in females shows that the former far outnumber the latter. This bias is not only a historical pattern; sexual selection theory and research are still male-centered—due to conspicuous traits, practical obstacles, and continued gender bias. Even the way sexual selection is commonly defined contributes to this bias. This history provides an illustrative example by which we can learn to recognize biases and identify gaps in knowledge. I conclude with a call for the scientific community to interrogate its own biases and suggest strategies for alleviating biases in this field and beyond.

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“…While the causal link between anisogamy and ancestral sex roles forecast by Bateman has extensive empirical [116] and theoretical evidence [113], it has nevertheless been vigorously challenged (reviewed in [117]), and gender-biased assumptions about sex roles current in society are also claimed to threaten scientific objectivity [118]. In human societies, assumptions about sex roles have been used to sustain injustice and inequity, which is entirely deplorable.…”

Section: Notedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual developments in sperm competition: a very brief synopsis

Parker

2020

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The past half century has seen the development of the field of post-ejaculatory sexual selection, the sequel to sexual selection for mate-acquisition (pre-ejaculatory) described by Darwin. In richness and diversity of adaptations, post-ejaculatory selection rivals that of pre-ejaculatory sexual selection. Anisogamy—and hence two sexes—likely arose by primeval gamete competition, and sperm competition remains a major force maintaining high sperm numbers. The post-ejaculatory equivalent of male–male competition for matings, sperm competition was an intense ancestral form of sexual selection, typically weakening as mobility and internal fertilization developed in many taxa, when some expenditure became diverted into pre-ejaculatory competition. Sperm competition theory has been relatively successful in explaining variation in relative testes size and sperm numbers per ejaculate and is becoming more successful in explaining variation in sperm phenotype. Sperm competition has generated many other male adaptations such as seminal fluid proteins that variously modify female reproduction towards male interests, and copulatory plugs, prolonged copulations and post-ejaculatory guarding behaviour that reduce female remating probability, many of which result in sexual conflict. This short survey of conceptual developments is intended as a broad overview, mainly as a primer for new researchers. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fifty years of sperm competition'.

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Considering Gender-Biased Assumptions in Evolutionary Biology

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Ontogeny of highly variable ceratitid ammonoids from the Anisian (Middle Triassic)

Ontogeny of highly variable ceratitid ammonoids from the Anisian (Middle Triassic)

The history of sexual selection research provides insights as to why females are still understudied

Conceptual developments in sperm competition: a very brief synopsis

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