Consistency of sexual behavior patterns in individual male guinea pigs following castration and androgen therapy.

Grunt, Jerome A.; Young, William C.

doi:10.1037/h0053840

Cited by 87 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In all three experiments constituting this study, the resting T levels of HA and LA males did not differ. These data confirm the view of Young and his coworkers that beyond a certain threshold value, the level of circulating androgen at the time of testing is not critical in determining individual differences in sexual behavior (3). This study did, however, reveal consistent differences between HA and LA males, but of a different nature from that predicted by earlier workers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…On the basis of these data, the males were divided into three groups: low-activity (LA) animals which never ejaculated, medium-activity (MA) males which ejaculated once in three tests, and highactivity (HA) males which ejaculated either two or three times in three tests. This classification was based on the occurrence of ejaculation since this behavior is more sensitive to the presence or absence of testosterone than mounting or intromission (3). Although the group nomenclature is similar to that used by Young and his coworkers, it should be noted that the criteria used in the present study for dividing the animals into groups differ from those used by the former workers, who based their classification system on a weighted behavior score (see 3).…”

Section: Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, the sexual behavior of individual males is remarkably consistent from test to test, allowing individuals to be classified as low, medium, or high-drive animals (2). One of the first studies to examine individual differences in the sexual behavior of male guinea pigs (3) found that castration reduced sexual behavior to the same low level in all guinea pigs, regardless of the Received June 16,1975 The following trivial names and abbreviations are used: T, testosterone; DHT, 5a-dihydrotestosterone (17/3-hydroxy-5a-androstan-3-one). quantity or quality of behavior which the animals had shown prior to castration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Relation Between Individual Differences in Sexual Behavior and Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Guinea Pig

Harding

Feder

1976

Endocrinology

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After 3 tests for male sex behavior, adult male guinea pigs were classified as either low-activity (LA, no ejaculations) or high-activity (HA, ejaculation during at least 2 behavior tests). In one experiment, resting levels of peripheral plasma testosterone (T), measured by radioimmunoassay, did not differ between the groups (LA=2.22 +/- 0.17 ng/ml, HA=2.09 +/- 0.11 ng/ml, X +/- SEM). However, plasma T levels were significantly higher in HA males 2 min after a sex test (2.27 +/- 0.24 ng/ml) than in LA males (1.40 +/- 0.20 ng/ml). A second experiment confirmed these results and also demonstrated that exposure of HA or LA males to an estrous female placed on the opposite side of a wire mesh barrier similarly led to higher T levels in HA than in LA males. These results indicate that a) behavioral differences between HA and LA guinea pigs are not attributable to differences in resting T levels, b) HA and LA males perceive the sex test situation differently, leading to slight increases in T in HA males and slight decreases in T in LA males, and c) these changes in T level are not dependent on copulation but can be induced by mere exposure to the sight smell and/or sound of an estrous female.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Testing Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Relation Between Individual Differences in Sexual Behavior and Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Guinea Pig

Harding

Feder

1976

Endocrinology

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“…This difference between the intact and castrated male rats may have resulted from the presence and absence of testosterone. It has been established that the major hor mone to induce sexual behavior in males toward females is testosterone [41][42][43] and the testosterone level is regu lated by the secretion of PRL [44], High levels of serum PRL also suppressed sexual behavior in male rats [45]. The result in the present study suggested that female con tact might have reduced serum PRL levels in intact male rats and suppressed maternal behavior toward pups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Induction of Brain Prolactin Receptor Long-Form mRNA Expression and Maternal Behavior in Pup-Contacted Male Rats: Promotion by Prolactin Administration and Suppression by Female Contact

Sakaguchi¹,

Tanaka²,

Ohkubo

et al. 1996

Neuroendocrinology

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Prolactin (PRL) is considered to induce maternal behavior toward foster young in female rats. In the present study, we studied the relationship between pup contact-induced maternal behavior and serum PRL concentrations and brain PRL receptor (PRL-R) mRNA expression in male rats. Both intact and castrated male rats exposed to foster pups gradually developed caretaking behavior such as crouching and licking, but their exhibitions of other maternal behavior components, retrieval/grouping and nest building, were incomplete. However, in the male rats displaying crouching and licking, the concomitant increases in serum PRL concentration and brain mRNA expression for long-form PRL-R were observed. The expression of short-form PRL-R mRNA in the brain was not stimulated by pup contact. Administration of PRL remarkably promoted the onset of those maternal responses in male rats. On the other hand, when an intact male rat was housed in a cage where a lactating female rat and her pups were living, his scores in maternal behavior tests toward pups were lowered. And, concomitantly, increases in serum PRL concentration and brain expression of long-form PRL-R mRNA were reduced. In castrated male rats, however, the ratings of maternal behavior toward foster young, serum PRL concentration increase, or brain long-form PRL-R mRNA expression were not reduced at all by cohabitation with a female and her pups. These findings indicated that maternal behavior was triggered and maintained in pup-contacted male rats through elevated serum PRL levels and induced brain long-form PRL-R.

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“…If you take those male animals that are either high or low or medium copulators, then castrate them, they all eventually stop mating, as Aristotle would have predicted. Crucially, if you now give all the male guinea pigs the exact same amount of testosterone, mating behavior returns, but they once again segregate into those same groups of high, medium, and low copulators (Grunt & Young, 1953). So variance in copulatory behavior across male guinea pigs is not a function of variance in circulating testosterone.…”

Section: No Evidence Of Under-androgenization Of Gay Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Influences on Human Sexual Orientation: Expectations versus Data

Breedlove

2017

Arch Sex Behav

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In non-human vertebrate species, sexual differentiation of the brain is primarily driven by androgens such as testosterone organizing the brains of males in a masculine fashion early in life, while the lower levels of androgen in developing females organizes their brains in a feminine fashion. These principles may be relevant to development of sexual orientation in humans, because retrospective markers of prenatal androgen exposure, namely digit ratios and otoacoustic emissions, indicate that lesbians, on average, were exposed to greater prenatal androgen than were straight women. Thus the even greater levels of prenatal androgen exposure experienced by fetal males may explain why the vast majority of them grow up to be attracted to women. However, the same markers indicate no differences between gay and straight men in terms of average prenatal androgen exposure, so the variance in orientation in men cannot be accounted for by variance in prenatal androgen exposure, but may be due to variance in response to prenatal androgens. These data contradict several popular notions about human sexual orientation. Sexual orientation in women is said to be fluid, sometimes implying that only social influences in adulthood are at work, yet the data indicate prenatal influences matter, too. Gay men are widely perceived as under-masculinized, yet the data indicate they are exposed to as much prenatal androgen as straight men. There is growing sentiment to reject “binary” conceptions of human sexual orientations, to emphasize instead a spectrum of orientations. Yet the data indicate that human sexual orientation is sufficiently polarized that groups of lesbians, on average, show evidence of greater prenatal androgen exposure than groups of straight women, while groups of gay men have, on average, a greater proportion of brothers among their older siblings than do straight men.

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Consistency of sexual behavior patterns in individual male guinea pigs following castration and androgen therapy.

Cited by 87 publications

References 14 publications

Relation Between Individual Differences in Sexual Behavior and Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Guinea Pig

Relation Between Individual Differences in Sexual Behavior and Plasma Testosterone Levels in the Guinea Pig

Induction of Brain Prolactin Receptor Long-Form mRNA Expression and Maternal Behavior in Pup-Contacted Male Rats: Promotion by Prolactin Administration and Suppression by Female Contact

Prenatal Influences on Human Sexual Orientation: Expectations versus Data

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