Consistency, relevance, and resistance to change

Hardyck, Jane Allyn

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(66)90004-7

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Our work similarly suggests that negative affect (specifically anger and irritation) may be a critical motivator of resistance strategies (see the section on future directions) and shows that as importance increases so does resistance. It is not surprising, then, that in the dissonance paradigm, as importance increases attitude change likely becomes a less viable dissonance reduction strategy (see Hardyck, 1966; Pilisuk, 1968). Instead, people may choose other ways to reduce dissonance, such as producing attitude bolstering thoughts (Sherman & Gorkin, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts.

Zuwerink

Devine²

1996

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

222

177

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This research examined individual differences in attitude importance (J. A. Krosnick, 1988a) as a moderator of resistance to persuasion. In 2 studies, individuals who favored allowing gay people to serve openly in the military were aurally presented with a counterattitudinal message. Participants who considered their attitude high (vs. low) in personal importance were more resistant to the message. Process analyses revealed that both thought listings and self-reported affect mediated this attitude importance effect. A 2nd study, which also examined message quality, showed that both highand low-importance individuals were more resistant to a weak (vs. strong) message. This effect was explained by the fact that the weak (vs. strong) message engendered more irritation and negative affective elaborations. Results highlight the role of attitude importance in motivating resistance to persuasive communications and reveal that the resistance process is both cognitive and affective. Implications for contemporary models of persuasion are discussed.In our daily lives we are struck not by the ease of producing attitude change but by the rarity of it. (Miller, 1965, p. 121) Persuasion attempts pervade the fabric of social life: Everyday, TVs and radios shout at people to buy beauty and purchase prestige; newspapers tell people what to think and what to think about; friends and colleagues argue their angle and push their points. Not surprisingly, then, social psychologists have focused on the factors and processes that contribute to effective persuasion. That is, despite the observation that attitude change is difficult to produce (or, perhaps more accurately, because of it), the primary interest of the field has been on the ways and means of effective persuasion. This emphasis has led to the relative neglect of an important and perhaps even more prevalent phenomenon in the realm of persuasion dynamics: resistance to attitude change.Although it is a widely shared assumption that some attitudes (strong ones) are highly resistant to change (e.g., Abelson,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts.

Zuwerink

Devine²

1996

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

222

177

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“…Though isolated experiments to study the relationship between personality and situational variables and the use of specific dissonance reduction modes have been conducted (cf. Walster et al, 1967;Hardyck, 1966), a particular advance of dissonance theory in its original version (Festinger, 1957;Festinger, 1964) has been largely neglected. Two of Festinger's central ideas can be used to derive hypotheses concerning the way dissonance will be reduced, which are not based on considerations external to dissonance theory proper.…”

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confidence: 99%

Preference of dissonance reduction modes as a function of their order, familiarity and reversibility

Götz-Marchand

Götz

Irle

1974

Euro J Social Psych

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“…Hardyck (104) and Dillehay, Insko & Smith (69) have followed up some earlier work by McGuire and others in this area, and no doubt much more research in this area soon will be seen. Hardyck (104) and Dillehay, Insko & Smith (69) have followed up some earlier work by McGuire and others in this area, and no doubt much more research in this area soon will be seen.…”

Section: Balance Theorymentioning

confidence: 96%

Attitudes and Opinions

Sears¹,

Abeles²

1969

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

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Attitudes and opinions" are a primary focus of attention throughout social psychology, and indeed throughout all of social science. To make our task manageable we have had to define the boundaries of our attention in terms of those set by the standard journals of social psychology; hence we do not deal with such interesting attitudinal matters as prejudice, mass communications, public opinion, or political socialization. Fortunately, recent and conscientious reviews of these topics are available; several chap ters in the revised Handbook of Social Psychology deal with such matters, as do Proshansky (190) and Tannenbaum & Greenberg (239). This restriction is in itself scarcely adequate; our perhaps too lengthy bibliography still cites less than half the relevant published material for this 3-year period. We have tried to devote the most space to those issues that have created the most attention, though wherever possible emphasizing issues on which debate has been focused rather than diffuse. This choice unfortunately maxi mized the probability of reporting confusion rather than clarification; hope fully, student readers will not be discouraged, realizing our sampling has biased the outcome in favor of confusion. SURVEYS OF THE ATTITUDE AREAThe most useful surveys of the area are destined to appear between our writing of this chapter and its appearance in print. Consequently, we have made no serious effort to review them; however, their preprints have circu lated widely, and a little advance advertising is not out of order.The first is the revised edition of the Handbook of Social Psychology, edited by Lindzey and Aronson. This is due in 1968, in five volumes. William McGuire's chapter on "nature of attitudes and attitude change" is likely to lOur coverage spans the period from July 1965, where William J. McGuire ended his 1966 Armual Review chapter, through May 1968. Our debt to McGuire's example will be evident from the organization and content of this review. for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. 253 137 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1969.20:253-288. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by University of California -San Francisco UCSF on 02/02/15. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 254 SEARS & ABELES be the standard source in this area for years to come. A little farther afield are chapters by Harding et at. (103) on prejudice and ethnic relations, Sears (214) on political behavior, and Weiss (256) on mass communications. Rele vant methodological chapters focus on experimentation (14), attitude mea· sUrement (209) , and computer simulation (1).The second has a name so long (Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A Sourcebook), so many editors (6) , so many chapters (84) and so many authors (68) that the worst fears of its alphabetically-first editor seem almost pre ordained: that it will come to be known more economically as "TOCCAS" by Abelson et at. (4) . If nothing else, it is an anatomical comedown for what in the past had been regarded as the hobgoblin of...

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Consistency, relevance, and resistance to change

Cited by 19 publications

References 9 publications

Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts.

Attitude importance and resistance to persuasion: It's not just the thought that counts.

Preference of dissonance reduction modes as a function of their order, familiarity and reversibility

Attitudes and Opinions

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