The optimization of the production process of metal mines has been traditionally driven only by economic benefits while ignoring resource efficiency. However, it has become increasingly aware of the importance of resource efficiency since mineral resource reserves continue to decrease while the demand continues to grow. To better utilize the mineral resources for sustainable development, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimization model of the production process of metal mines considering both economic benefits and resource efficiency. Specifically, the goals of the proposed model are to maximize the profit and resource utilization rate. Then, the fast and elitist Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to optimize the multi-objective optimization model. The proposed model has been applied to the optimization of the production process of a stage in the Huogeqi Copper Mine. The optimization results provide a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that can meet varying needs of decision makers. Moreover, compared with those of the current production indicators, the profit and resource utilization rate of some points in the optimization results can increase respectively by 2.99% and 2.64%. Additionally, the effects of the decision variables (geological cut-off grade, minimum industrial grade and loss ratio) on objective functions (profit and resource utilization rate) were discussed using variance analysis. The sensitivities of the Pareto-optimal solutions to the unit copper concentrate price were studied. The results show that the Pareto-optimal solutions at higher profits (with lower resource utilization rates) are more sensitive to the unit copper concentrate prices than those obtained in regions with lower profits.Processes 2018, 6, 228 2 of 22 realistic problem to optimize the production process of metal mines for mining mineral resources with the greatest economic benefits and resource efficiency to better utilize the mineral resources for sustainable development [2].The production process of metal mines is a complex industrial process, consisting of three unit processes in series, i.e., the exploration process, the mining process and the beneficiation process. The input of the latter unit process is the output of the previous one [3,4]. The optimization of the production process of metal mines is to determine the best production technology indicators that have a significant impact on economic benefits and resource efficiency [5,6]. Technical production indicators include the recoverable reserves, average ore grade, geological cut-off grade, minimum industrial grade, loss ratio, dilution ratio, raw ore grade and volume, concentrate grade and volume, and concentration ratio. As the market changes and production technology advances, it is necessary to adjust and optimize these indicators in time to achieve the best results. The optimization of the metal mines production process is an effective way to raise the economic benefits of enterprises and contribute to the sustainable development of res...