Constrained paths based on the Farey sequence in learning to juggle

Yamamoto, Kiyotatsu; Tsutsui, Seijiro; Yamamoto, Yuji

doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.08.008

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Attractors in motor control systems typically play an important role in supporting stable performance 20,25 . In the juggling task, one of these multiple attractors was acquired early in the process of learning the fundamental skills of juggling 12 . In particular, it was crucial for jugglers to control the timing of events such as throws and catches, and that these multiple attractors of coordination patterns had stability in the temporal structure of juggling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of attractor stability of intrinsic coordination patterns on the adaptation to new constraints

Yamamoto

Shinya

Kudo

2020

Sci Rep

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In most human movement tasks, the same goal can be achieved by a diversity of coordination patterns. For instance, when learning to juggle, individuals adopt their own unique coordination patterns in the early stages of acquiring the fundamental skills of juggling. These individual differences in the learning paths lead to differences in adaptability to new constraints. However, the reason for these differences in adaptability is still unknown. To address this problem, we quantified these differences in terms of attractor stability of the coordination patterns of expert jugglers using Recurrence Quantification Analysis. Furthermore, we quantified the attractor stability of intermediate jugglers and examined adaptability in a sensorimotor synchronization task. We found differences in attractor stability among coordination patterns of expert jugglers, as well as a difference in attractor stability between intrinsic coordination patterns of intermediate jugglers. Whereas, almost no significant direct correlation between attractor stability and adaptability of intermediate jugglers was found, suggesting a difference in both attractor stability and adaptability between intrinsic coordination patterns such that the difference in attractor stability might affect adaptability to new constraints. We submit that the learning path selected by each learner in the early stages of learning plays an important role in the subsequent development of expertise. Motor tasks in many sports have redundant degrees of freedom in terms of viable problem-solving methods. Therefore, there is no singular coordination pattern to best achieve the task goal. From the viewpoint of the dynamical systems approach (see 1 for a review), the diversity in coordination patterns arises from an interaction between the redundancy of the task solution and the multiple degrees of freedom of the human body 2,3. For example, it has been reported that diversity arises in coordination patterns and ball trajectories for hitting a specific target in an underarm throwing task 4. Also, when hitting a ball with a cricket bat, different coordination patterns emerged depending on the type of pitch 5 , while in boxing, the variety of punches the boxer chooses depends on the distance to the opponent 6. Thus, in sports-related tasks, various coordination patterns appear depending on the performance environment, the situation, and the performer. On the other hand, diversity also has been reported in the coordination patterns and solution strategies acquired by learners in the process of achieving the same goal 7-10. In our previous study 11 , a longitudinal study of the learning process associated with the fundamental skills of juggling showed that the coordination patterns acquired by learners were divided into multiple attractors with a stable temporal structure. Further, the coordination pattern developed early on in the learning process was maintained in the long run 11-14. The motor learning process is not completed merely by achieving one goal, but involves repeate...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of attractor stability of intrinsic coordination patterns on the adaptation to new constraints

Yamamoto

Shinya

Kudo

2020

Sci Rep

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“…The movement pattern performed corresponding to the tempo was described with a focus on the frequency characteristic. As mentioned in the Introduction section, in the additional analysis of my previous research ( Yamamoto et al, 2015 ), the difference between the multiple low- and high-ratio patterns could be described by the velocity data of the hand movement. Thus, the velocity data in the vertical direction of the wrist marker were used for describing the coordination pattern.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As mentioned above, in our previous study ( Yamamoto et al, 2015 ), in the learning process of the 3-ball cascade juggling task that is the fundamental skill of juggling, the movement patterns acquired by the learner were differentiated into a few attractors. The acquired movement patterns were roughly divided into two groups of high ratio pattern and low ratio pattern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Individual differences in coordination patterns acquired by each learner need to be considered to examine the adaptation process for expertise. In our previous study ( Yamamoto et al, 2015 ), we examined the acquisition process of the coordination patterns in juggling task. This study revealed that there were multiple coordination patterns that acquired by learners, and the unique coordination pattern of each individual was acquired at a very early stage of learning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the low ratio pattern is suggested to have a characteristic of continuous “rhythmic” movement patterns. Our previous study showed the possibility that the two attractors in juggling were “discrete” and “rhythmic” movement patterns ( Yamamoto et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asymmetric Adaptability to Temporal Constraints Among Coordination Patterns Differentiated at Early Stages of Learning in Juggling

2018

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In this study, we examined the degree of adaptability to new constraints after learning of a fundamental skill in juggling. Adaptation of sensorimotor synchronization with the various constraints is important for expertise. However, this adaptability may not be equivalent between coordination patterns which learners acquired in the previous learning process. In other words, there may be “asymmetric” adaptability among intrinsic patterns. Then, we examined the influence of intrinsic patterns on the adaptation of sensorimotor synchronization according to various temporal constraints. To set the adaptation task, experiment 1 was designed to examine the relationship between tempo and coordination pattern for expert jugglers. Based on experiment 1, juggling in accordance with the tempo change was performed as adaption task in experiment 2, and we compared the performances of the jugglers from the viewpoint of the intrinsic pattern. In experiment 1, participants performed juggling by adjusting catch timing to beep timing in ten conditions with the interval from 260 to 620 ms in steps of 40 ms. Results of experiment 1 presented that when the juggling tempo is fast, the coordination pattern with “rhythmic” frequency characteristics appeared. By contrast, when the tempo is slow, the coordination pattern with “discrete” frequency characteristics appeared. That is, jugglers should switch their coordination patterns when performing under various tempo conditions. In experiment 2, we compared the adaptability to perform juggling under temporal constraints among intermediate jugglers who have different intrinsic coordination patterns acquired through a previous learning process. The adaptation task required participants to adjust their catch timing to a gradually changing tempo. Participants performed juggling under two conditions: gradually ascending and descending tempo ranging from 300 to 600 ms. The results of experiment. 2 showed that participants who had a discrete pattern showed a significantly better adaptation than participants who had a rhythmic pattern. Furthermore, this result of adaptation was not related to juggling experience. This suggests that an intrinsic pattern characterized by different frequency characteristics has the different adaptability to sensorimotor synchronization tasks. Collectively, the degree of adaptability was dependent on the pattern acquired in the early stages of learning.

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Differences in anchoring strategy underlie differences in coordination in novice jugglers

Yamamoto

Tsutsui

2021

Acta Psychologica

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Constrained paths based on the Farey sequence in learning to juggle

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

The influence of attractor stability of intrinsic coordination patterns on the adaptation to new constraints

The influence of attractor stability of intrinsic coordination patterns on the adaptation to new constraints

Asymmetric Adaptability to Temporal Constraints Among Coordination Patterns Differentiated at Early Stages of Learning in Juggling

Differences in anchoring strategy underlie differences in coordination in novice jugglers

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