Constraints and risk factors contributing to young stock mortalities in small ruminants in Jordan

Al-Khaza’leh, Ja’far Mansur; Megersa, Bekele; Obeidat, Belal S.

doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.106033

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Our findings revealed that abortion is widely prevalent in goat flocks compared to sheep flocks. The present study is consistent with previous studies in Ethiopia (22,31,33) and elsewhere (32). Almost all interviewed sheep and goat owners also confirmed the higher susceptibility of does to abortion than ewes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…Compared to the international figures, a higher abortion percentage of 43.7% for does and 35.6% for ewes was reported from Egypt (32). In contrary, a lower abortion rate has been reported from Jordan, 10.6% in does and 2.0% in ewes (33); from Nigerian, 10.8% in does (34) and from Mexico, 3.5% in does (35). Similarly, the higher abortion percentage in lowland flocks than in highland flocks is in agreement with the report of Gebremedhin et al (22) and Fentie (31) in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Causes and Flock Level Risk Factors of Sheep and Goat Abortion in Three Agroecology Zones in Ethiopia

Alemayehu

Mamo

Alemu³

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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A cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the incidence of small ruminant abortion and identify its major causes and potential risk factors in goat and sheep flocks in three agroecology and production systems of Ethiopia. Information on pregnancy outcomes and management risk factors were collected for 299 goat and 242 sheep flocks. Blood samples were collected from 133 sheep and 90 goat flocks and tested for Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus, and Toxoplasma gondii. A causal diagram outlined relationships between potential predictor variables and abortion in the flock. The effect of management and exposure to infectious causes on the number of abortions in the flock across agroecology was tested using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Results showed that 142 (58.68%) goats and 53 (17.73%) sheep flocks reported abortions in the 12 months before the survey. The mean annual flock abortion percentages were 16.1% (±26.23) for does and 12.6% (±23.5) for ewes. Farmers perceived infectious diseases, extreme weather conditions, feed shortage, physical traumas, and plant poisoning as the most important causes of abortion. A higher proportion of abortion was recorded during the short rainy season (March to May) and start of the short dry and cold season (June to August) in the lowland mixed crop-livestock and pastoral agroecology and production system, respectively. Overall, 65.41% sheep and 92.22% goat flocks tested positive for one or more abortion causing agents, namely, C. burnetti, C. abortus, Brucella spp., and T. gondii; mixed infection was found in 31.58% sheep and 63.33% goat flocks. Spending the night in a traditional house and providing supplementary feed for pregnant dams were important management factors which significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the risk of abortion by 2.63 and 4.55 times, respectively. However, the presence of other livestock species and dogs in the household and exposure of the flock to Brucella spp. or anyone of the four tested infectious agents significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the risk of abortion in sheep and goat flocks. In general, abortion is a challenge for small ruminant production in the study area especially in lowland agroecology and calls for improvement in husbandry practices, health care and biosecurity practices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Causes and Flock Level Risk Factors of Sheep and Goat Abortion in Three Agroecology Zones in Ethiopia

Alemayehu

Mamo

Alemu³

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Low survivability of kids is a significant problem in goat breeding in Turkey. Although it is acceptable to have 5% total kid mortality on an ideal farm, in practice this value can vary between 10% and 80% and the average is between 32% and 40% (Peeler & Wanyangu, 1998;Ameh et al, 2000;Kritas et al, 2003;Donkin & Boyazoglu, 2004;Sebei et al, 2004;Chauhan, 2019;Al-Khaza'leh et al, 2020;Oderinwale et al, 2020;Kumar, 2021;Roy et al, 2022). Mortality, in terms of time frame, can be classified as embryonic, foetal, perinatal, and postnatal (Sebei et al, 2004;Otma & Osakwe, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of heredity and environmental factors on mortality in the embryonic and foetal periods, and the effects of environmental factors on postnatal deaths are significant (Sebei et al, 2004;Otoikhian et al, 2013). Viability of the kids, hereditary and maternal causes, birth weight, sex, birth type, nutrition, season and year of kidding, milk production of mothers, farm conditions, anomalies, pathological findings (such as circulatory system disorders, enzyme activities in tissues, disease-causing microorganisms, and factors such as infectious diseases) have all been identified as factors (Agüello et al, 2004;Agyei et al, 2004;Sebei et al, 2004;Givens & Marley, 2008;Otuma & Osakwe, 2008;Otoikhian et al, 2013;Al-Khaza'leh et al, 2020;Roy et al, 2022). Besides disease, environmental factors have a significant effect of more than 15% on the mortality rate (Hailu et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental factors affecting pre-weaning mortality of Turkish Saanen kids

Ataç¹

2023

SA J. An. Sci.

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One of the most important problems encountered in breeding Turkish Saanen goats, the dominant dairy goat in Turkey, is the death of kids. Deaths cause serious economic losses and jeopardize the need for qualified breeders. This study aimed to determine the factors that affected the survival of kids in the period between birth and weaning, when most deaths are observed. A total of 3343 records of Turkish Saanen kids were collected in 2019. The importance and order of the effects of environmental factors, such as gender, birth type, sex, birth weight, farm, season of birth, weight at death, and maternal age at the kid’s mortality were determined by using the decision tree statistical method. As a result of this study, the farm effect was the first effective factor in the survivability of kids, and death was less common in small farms (F3), with a rate of 7.8%. The death times of kids were divided into four groups: birth–first 24 hours (M1), 1–7 days (M2), 7–30 days (M3), and 30 days–weaning (90 days) (M4). Deaths were highest in M2 with 40.1% and least in M3 with 5.7%. The death weight variable had a primary effect on deaths. This was followed by birth weight, then farm variables. Two other factors came to the forefront to increase the survivability of the kids: deaths could be greatly reduced by providing good nutrition to the mothers in the prenatal period and offering good management, especially in the first week after birth, to obtain offspring with higher birth weights.

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Epidemiological study of lamb and kid morbidity and mortality rates and associated risk factors in an extensive management system in the Dalocha district, Silte Zone, Central Ethiopia

Anwar,

Abebe,

Sheferaw

2024

Animal Diseases

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Small ruminants are vital to the economy of Ethiopia and significantly contribute to the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers. However, poor management practices and high mortality rates among young lambs and kids have hindered their economic potential. A prospective cohort study was conducted in three rural villages in Dalocha district with the aim of estimating morbidity and mortality rates among these animals and identifying associated risk factors. The study monitored 130 lambs and kids every 15 days from birth to three months and recorded health events and deaths. Data analysis utilized Kaplan‒Meier survival analysis, log-rank tests, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. The results revealed an overall morbidity rate of 0.58 and a mortality rate of 0.2 cases per 100 lamb days at risk for lambs, whereas the rates of morbidity and mortality for kids were 0.27 and 0.1 cases per 100 kid days, respectively. Respiratory issues were the leading health problem, accounting for 35.9% of morbidity cases, whereas diarrhea accounted for 38.5% of deaths. The hazard of morbidity was 2.1 times greater for lambs than for kids (HR = 2.1; p = 0.039). Additionally, the morbidity hazard was significantly greater in lambs and kids from multiparous dams (HR = 3.8, p = 0.017) but 89% lower in vaccinated flocks (HR = 0.11, p = 0.001). The identified risk factors for mortality included litter size and maternal behavior. Twin-born lambs and kids presented a mortality hazard that was 6.31 times greater than that of singletons (HR = 6.31; p = 0.025), whereas offspring from dams with poor mothering presented a mortality hazard that was more than 24 times greater (HR = 24.56; p = 0.006) than that of offspring from normal mothers. This study underscores the need for improved maternal care, access to colostrum, better bonding, and suitable environments for multiple births to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among lambs and kids. Further research into the specific causes of these issues is recommended.

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Constraints and risk factors contributing to young stock mortalities in small ruminants in Jordan

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Causes and Flock Level Risk Factors of Sheep and Goat Abortion in Three Agroecology Zones in Ethiopia

Causes and Flock Level Risk Factors of Sheep and Goat Abortion in Three Agroecology Zones in Ethiopia

Environmental factors affecting pre-weaning mortality of Turkish Saanen kids

Epidemiological study of lamb and kid morbidity and mortality rates and associated risk factors in an extensive management system in the Dalocha district, Silte Zone, Central Ethiopia

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