2019
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01697
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Construction of Difluoromethylated Tetrazoles via Silver-Catalyzed Regioselective [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Aryl Diazonium Salts

Abstract: A silver-catalyzed regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of PhSO 2 CF 2 CHN 2 with aryl diazonium salts is described. This protocol enables the straightforward construction of a novel class of difluoromethylated tetrazoles under mild conditions, tolerates a broad spectrum of functionalities, and is applicable to one-pot operation from commercially available aniline derivatives. The synthetic merit of this method is further demonstrated by the facile preparation of versatile difluoromethylated azoles, i… Show more

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Cited by 46 publications
(19 citation statements)
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“…In 2019, Ma, Zhang, and co-workers disclosed an efficient method for the construction of difluoromethylated tetrazoles (Scheme 39). [51] The [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of PhSO 2 CF 2 CHN 2 with aryldiazonium salts using 5 mol% AgOAc as the catalyst and 2 equiv. Cs 2 CO 3 as the base in a cosolvent of THF/ DMF (20/1) at 0°C for 10 h affords structurally diverse CF 2 -functionalized tetrazoles in good to excellent yields.…”
Section: Synthesis Of Tetrazolesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 2019, Ma, Zhang, and co-workers disclosed an efficient method for the construction of difluoromethylated tetrazoles (Scheme 39). [51] The [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of PhSO 2 CF 2 CHN 2 with aryldiazonium salts using 5 mol% AgOAc as the catalyst and 2 equiv. Cs 2 CO 3 as the base in a cosolvent of THF/ DMF (20/1) at 0°C for 10 h affords structurally diverse CF 2 -functionalized tetrazoles in good to excellent yields.…”
Section: Synthesis Of Tetrazolesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Diels-Alder反应是经典的构建六元环状化合物的高效方法,并于1950年获得诺贝尔化学奖,其 中典型的亲双烯体(dienophile)主要为含有吸电子取代基的烯烃或炔烃化合物,而芳香重氮盐作为亲 双烯体的研究相对较少。1919年Meyer [13] 报道了对硝基苯基重氮盐可以同反式-戊二烯发生反应,但 受限于当时简陋的科研条件, 反应产物被推定为线性结构, 而非环加成产物。 直到五十多年后的1973 年,Sheppard课题组证明了1,6-二氢哒嗪才是上述反应的真正产物(图2) [14] 。实验表明:二烯烃的结 构对该反应具有很大影响,反式-戊二烯能够顺利发生该反应,而顺式-戊二烯即使反应6小时也观察 不到任何产物的生成,基于此作者指出该反应经历[4 + 2]协同环加成反应机理;同时Sheppard和其合 作者对上述反应进行底物扩展,发现非硝基取代的芳基重氮盐形成的1,6-二氢哒嗪产物,可以进一步 发生原位氧化从而得到哒嗪盐类化合物 [15] 。之后到了1984年,Huisgen及其合作者 [16] 又研究了对硝基 苯基重氮盐与其他双烯体的 [ [17] 。四氮唑 的传统合成方法主要依赖叠氮化物和腈之间的[3 + 2]偶极环加成反应 [18][19][20][21] ,虽然该策略可有效构建 单取代或1,5-双取代四氮唑,但2,5-双取代四氮唑化合物的合成仍存在着相当大的挑战。1955年德国 Huisgen等人 [22] 发现对硝基苯基重氮盐与重氮甲烷可发生[3 + 2]偶极环加成反应,以12%的收率得到 一个芳基四氮唑产物(图3A)。但由于文献没有提供具体实验操作,重氮甲烷危险性高,产物收率极 低,产物结构表征不完备,并未引起广泛关注。为克服这一局限,天津大学马军安团队 [23] [24] 、重氮磷酸酯(Seyferth-Gilbert试剂) [25] 、重氮羰基化合物 [26] 、香豆素修饰的重氮 化合物 [27] 以及重氮乙腈 [28] [29] 。 三氮唑的N-H芳基化或C-H官能化是获得多取代三氮唑类化合物的常规策略之一, 但是苛刻的反应条件、区域选择性问题和比较局限的底物范围限制了三氮唑类化合物的多样性和功 能性。近年来,国内学者发展了芳香重氮盐参与的偶极环加成反应,逐渐成为构建多取代三氮唑类 化合物的一种有效策略。 2018年苏州大学万小兵课题组 [30] 报道了重氮乙酸乙酯、芳香重氮盐和腈的一锅三组分反应,用 于合成三取代1,2,4-三氮唑(图4A)。机理研究表明,铜催化剂首先与重氮乙酸乙酯反应形成铜卡宾物 种,其进一步与腈反应生成腈叶立德中间体,该1,3-偶极子与芳基重氮盐的[3 + 2]环加成过程为反应 的关键步骤,所得三氮唑中间体在碱作用下发生异构,生成最终的三取代1,2,4-三氮唑产物。随后, 天津大学马军安课题组 [31,32] 进一步实现了芳香重氮盐与三氟重氮乙烷、苯磺酰基二氟重氮乙烷、重 氮乙腈在腈类溶剂中的一锅三组分环加成反应(图4B-D),可分别用于合成含有三氟甲基、二氟甲基、 氰基取代的1,2,4-三氮唑,并可应用于药物类似物及手性配体的构建,有良好的拓展应用潜力。近期, 华中师范大学陈加荣小组 [33]…”
Section: 芳香重氮盐参与的[4 + 2]协同环加成反应unclassified
“…successively realized a series of Ag‐catalyzed direct cycloaddition transformations of aryl diazonium salts with masked difluorodiazoethane (PhSO 2 CF 2 CHN 2 ), diazophosphonates (Seyferth–Gilbert reagent), and diazocarbonyl compounds. [ 187‐190 ] These reactions enabled the rapid construction of 5‐difluormethyl‐2 H‐ tetrazoles ( 153 and 154 ), 5‐carbonyl‐2 H‐ tetrazoles ( 155 and 156 ), 5‐monofluoromethyl‐2 H‐ tetrazoles ( 157 ), 5‐phosphonate‐2 H‐ tetrazoles ( 158 ) under mild conditions (Scheme 40a—d). Notably, a diverse set of heteroaryl‐substituted terazoles were forged in moderate to high efficiency.…”
Section: Cyclization and Cycloaddition Reactions For The Constructionmentioning
confidence: 99%