Construction of glass waveguide refractive index profiles by the effective-index finite-difference method

Silver and gold doping of SiO2 glass by solid-state field-assisted diffusion

“…2 and 3 show that the silver penetration depth in the glass is about 1.2 lm and 3.0 lm for 3 h and 17 h of diffusion time, respectively: roughly, the thickness of the glass region interested by the silver diffusion increases with (time) 1/2 , as in the case of classical Fickian erfc-shaped diffusion profiles. A similar depth-vs-time behavior is shown for many experimental conditions in the conventional Ag + -Na + ion-exchange technique, where silver ions are introduced into a silicate glass by immersing the matrix in a molten salt bath containing the silver dopant ions (without external electric fields); however, in the present cases the silver diffusion profiles are much different [26]. The experimental findings indicate that silver diffusion in silica is favored by using low electric field values: this suggests that in silica the field-assisted diffusion of Ag cannot be simply described by the usual phenomenological equation as in the case of soda-lime glasses [19].…”

Copper–lithium ion exchange in LiNbO3

“…9 Optical absorption spectroscopy has been performed in the 250-2000-nm range with a Cary Varian double spectrophotometer. Angles at which the guided modes are selectively excited by a He-Ne polarized laser beam ( ‫ס‬ 633 nm) were measured in order to calculate the corresponding effective indeces.…”