“…For the rapid increase of global energy demand and the depletion risk of fossil fuels, developing alternative sustainable, affordable, efficient, and clean energy has become very important (Zhao Y. et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Xu et al, 2017 ; Yi et al, 2017 ; Zhao B. et al, 2017 ). Among energy storage devices, supercapacitors (or ultracapacitors) are promising, owing to their safe operation, super-high service life, and great power density (Wang K. et al, 2014 ; Dai et al, 2017 ; Zhao B. et al, 2017 ; Zhao et al, 2018 ). They have wide application areas such as electric vehicles, pulse power systems and portable devices (Wang et al, 2018 ).…”