Consumer Mass Market Online Payment Solutions

Impression creep of Sn–40Pb–2·5Sb peritectic solder alloy

“…It is reported that either diffusional creep or Harper-Dorn creep is associated with n values around 1. 22,23 In the present work, however, the values of strain rate obtained in the low stress region, where the stress exponent is around unity, are greater than those corresponding to the diffusional creep theory and thus, diffusional creep cannot be the creep mechanism in this region. It has also been suggested that grain boundary sliding can lead to stress exponents equal to unity.…”

“…24,25 Therefore, it can be suggested that the dominant mechanism in the low stress region for the fine grained material is either the Harper-Dorn creep or grain boundary sliding. According to Langdon, 22 This represents a superplastic deformation behaviour in which, grain boundary sliding occurs during impression creep process. Values of stress exponent around 3 at high stress levels suggest that dislocation creep could be the creep mechanism at these stress levels.…”

Internet shopping optimization problem

“…Among various business instruments commonly available on-line since 1990s, like auctions (Lee, 1998;Klein, 2000) and (Vulkan, 2003, pp. 149-178), banking and secure payment (Langdon et al, 2000), shopping (Liang and Huang, 1998), electronic libraries (Lesk, 1997), etc., on-line retail remains the service offered by the highest number of providers. A growing number of on-line shops and increased accessibility to customers world-wide due to the use of credit card payment in on-line transactions (Langdon et al, 2000) are key attributes that force strong competition on the market, keep prices low (when compared to off-line shopping) and make more and more customers interested in on-line purchasing (Vulkan, 2003, pp.…”