Contact sensitization in chronic venous insufficiency: modern wound dressings

Gallenkemper, G.; Rabe, Eberhard; Bauer, R.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05742.x

Cited by 96 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Some of the European studies showed similar high frequencies of sensitization to the following allergens compared with our study: balsam of Peru, 3,[7][8][9]11 fragrance mix, 4,7,9,11 benzalkonium chloride, 9,11 nickel, 4,6,8 and hydrogel with propylene glycol. 8 Allergen sensitivities to neomycin [2][3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11] and lanolin 3-11 were higher in the European studies. However, sensitivities to the following allergens were lower in the European studies compared with our study: bacitracin, 3 wood tar mix, [2][3][4][5]8,10 propylene glycol, 3,5,7-10 carba mix, 4-6 formaldehyde, [2][3][4][6][7][8][9][10] quaternium-15, 4-6,9,10 Euxyl K400.…”

Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…However, sensitivities to the following allergens were lower in the European studies compared with our study: bacitracin, 3 wood tar mix, [2][3][4][5]8,10 propylene glycol, 3,5,7-10 carba mix, 4-6 formaldehyde, [2][3][4][6][7][8][9][10] quaternium-15, 4-6,9,10 Euxyl K400. 8 Control gel hydrocolloid and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) were not tested in any of the European studies. Bacitracin was tested in a European study 3 and showed a frequency of 13.1% vs 24% in our study (25/192 vs 13/ 54) 3 (Tables 2 and 4).…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…8 Allergen sensitivities to neomycin [2][3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11] and lanolin 3-11 were higher in the European studies. However, sensitivities to the following allergens were lower in the European studies compared with our study: bacitracin, 3 wood tar mix, [2][3][4][5]8,10 propylene glycol, 3,5,7-10 carba mix, 4-6 formaldehyde, [2][3][4][6][7][8][9][10] quaternium-15, 4-6,9,10 Euxyl K400. 8 Control gel hydrocolloid and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) were not tested in any of the European studies.…”

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contact Sensitivity in Patients With Leg Ulcerations

Saap¹,

Fahim²,

Arsenault³

et al. 2004

Arch Dermatol

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Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Commentsupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Contact Sensitivity in Patients With Leg Ulcerations

Saap¹,

Fahim²,

Arsenault³

et al. 2004

Arch Dermatol

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“…4.1% of English patients with occupational der-matitis were positive to colophony -the majority employed in the furniture industry (13); 1.3% of Swedish house-painters were colophony positive (14); and 13.9% of German venous leg ulcer patients with contact dermatitis were colophony positive (15). A Dutch study showed an increase in the positivity rate of colophony within a patch test clinic from 1.2% to 1.8% between 1974 and 1984 (16), and a similar Greek study plotted a significant rise in prevalence between 1984 and 1995 (17).…”

Section: Prevalence Of Colophony Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Colophony allergy: a review

Downs

Sansom

1999

Contact Dermatitis

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Colophony is a complex mixture of over 100 compounds derived from pine trees. It has countless applications at home and at work and exposure to colophony and modified-colophony is universal. It is the oxidation products of unmodified and modified colophony and some of the new resin acids synthesized during modification that are the principle allergens in colophony. The neutral fraction may account for a small % of positive reactions. When screening for allergy using unmodified gum rosin, allergy to modified rosin will not be revealed. When patients react to both materials, it is probably due to unmodified colophony present in both, rather than a cross-reaction. Relevant positive reactions may be missed if only colophony 20% pet. is relied upon as the screening material.

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Epoxy Compounds—Olefin Oxides, Aliphatic Glycidyl Ethers and Aromatic Monoglycidyl Ethers

Waechter¹,

Pottenger²,

Veenstra³

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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An epoxy compound is defined as any compound containing one or more oxirane rings. An oxirane ring (epoxide) consists of an oxygen atom linked to two adjacent (vicinal) carbon atoms. The term alpha‐epoxide is sometimes used for this structure to distinguish it from rings containing more carbon atoms. The alpha does not indicate where in a carbon chain the oxirane ring occurs. The oxirane ring is highly strained and is thus the most reactive ring of the oxacyclic carbon compounds. The strain is sufficient to force the four carbon atoms nearest the oxygen atom in 1,2‐epoxycyclohexane into a common plane, whereas in cyclohexane the carbon atoms are in a zigzag arrangement or boat structure. As a result of this strain, epoxy compounds are attacked by almost all nucleophilic substances to open the ring and form addition compounds. Among agents reacting with epoxy compounds are halogen acids, thiosulfate, carboxylic acids, hydrogen cyanide, water, amines, aldehydes, and alcohols. A major portion of this chapter presents information on the two olefin oxides, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, which are produced in high volume and are largely used as intermediates in the production of the glycol ethers. In addition, these compounds are used in the production of several other important products (e.g., polyethylene glycols, ethanolamines, and hydroxypropylcellulose) and have minor uses as fumigants for furs and spices and as medical sterilants. The other olefin oxides discussed are used as chemical intermediates (e.g., vinylcyclohexene mono‐ and dioxide), as gasoline additives, acid scavengers, and stabilizing agents in chlorinated solvents (butylene oxide) or in limited quantities as reactive diluents for epoxy resins. The discussion of the toxicology of certain olefinic oxides may be pertinent to their respective olefin precursors. However, it must be pointed out that the olefinic precursors of these different oxides demonstrate widely varying degrees of toxicity in mammalian models, mostly attributable to pharmacokinetic/metabolism differences in metabolic conversion of olefins to their respective oxide metabolites. For example, chronic bioassay results range from repeated negatives (ethylene, propylene) to clear positives (butadiene). A major use of the glycidyl ethers discussed in this chapter are as reactive diluents in epoxy resin mixtures. However, some of these materials are also used as intermediates in chemical synthesis as well as in other industrial applications. The concept that epoxides, through their binding to nucleophilic biopolymers such as DNA, RNA, and protein, can produce toxic effects is well established. However, the magnitude and nature of physiological disruption depend on the reactivity of the particular epoxide, its molecular weight, and its solubility, all of which may control its access to critical molecular targets. In addition, the number of epoxide groups present, the dose and dose rate, the route of administration, and the affinity for the enzymes that can detoxify or activate the compound may affect the degree and nature of the physiologic response. A key enzyme for epoxide detoxification is microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EH), which is widely distributed throughout the body, but it is organ, species, and even strain variant. Acute toxic effects most commonly observed in animals have been dermatitis (either primary irritation or secondary to induction of sensitization), eye irritation, pulmonary irritation, and gastric irritation, which are found in these tissues after direct contact with the epoxy compound. Skin irritation is usually manifested by more or less sharply localized lesions that develop rapidly on contact, more frequently on the arms and hands. Signs and symptoms usually include redness, swelling, and intense itching. In severe cases, secondary infections may occur. Workers show marked differences in sensitivity. Most of the glycidyl ethers in this chapter have shown evidence of delayed contact skin sensitization, in either animals or humans. The animal and human data available on skin sensitization of epoxy compounds do not assist in determining the structural requirements necessary to produce sensitization, but do provide some practical guidance for industrial hygiene purposes. Although all of the compounds described in this chapter were mutagenic to bacteria (excluding epoxidized glycerides) as well as positive in other in vitro genotoxicity assays, not all have produced genotoxicity in in vivo studies. A number of these epoxide compounds have been found to be carcinogenic in rodents, although there has been no clear epidemiologic evidence for cancer in the workplace. In rats and/or mice, many epoxy compounds produce a carcinogenic response in the tissues of first contact. These compounds include ethylene oxide, butylene oxide, propylene oxide, styrene oxide allyl glycidyl ether, phenyl glycidyl ether, and neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether. A few of them, such as ethylene oxide, butadiene dioxide, and vinylcyclohexene dioxide, have produced tumors at sites other than the “portal of entry.”

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Contact sensitization in chronic venous insufficiency: modern wound dressings

Cited by 96 publications

References 11 publications

Contact Sensitivity in Patients With Leg Ulcerations

Contact Sensitivity in Patients With Leg Ulcerations

Colophony allergy: a review

Epoxy Compounds—Olefin Oxides, Aliphatic Glycidyl Ethers and Aromatic Monoglycidyl Ethers

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