Contacting as a channel of Political Involvement: Collectively Motivated, Individually Enacted

Middle‐Class Political Activism and Middle‐Class Advantage in Relation to Public Services: A Realist Synthesis of the Evidence Base

“…2004). More recent data from Norway adds greater context (Aars and Strømsnes 2007). This study shows that socio‐economic variables had minimal impact on complaining behaviour and in multivariate analysis almost diminished entirely in their effect.…”

Institutional Trust, Education, and Corruption: A Micro-Macro Interactive Approach

“…Moreover, citizens with higher levels of education have a greater tendency to undertake a range of political activities that provide opportunities for learning about the quality of political institutions. This includes, for instance, attending public meetings, making contact with public officials, and following electoral campaigns (Aars and Strømsnes, 2007;Milligan et al, 2004;Pattie et al, 2004).…”

Political Participation and Democracy in the Information Age: Effects of ICT-Based Communication Forms between the Authorities and the Citizens on Traditional Channels of Participation and Democracy

“…The turnout in both local and national elections is steadily decreasing [19], [1]. In most European countries the turnout has declined during the last century and in United States the turnout in Presidential elections has stabilized on 50 %.…”

“…This concept incorporates two items; civil disobedience as participating in illegal protest activities and strike [1].The number of industrial actions do vary and show no clear pattern. And we do not have data at hand for development in the 1990's.…”