Contagious Diseases in the United States from 1888 to the Present

Panhuis, Willem G. van; Grefenstette, John J.; Jung, Su Yon; Chok, Nian Shong; Cross, Anne; Eng, Heather; Lee, Bruce Y.; Zadorozhny, Vladimir; Brown, Shawn T.; Cummings, Derek A. T.; Burke, Donald S.

doi:10.1056/nejmms1215400

Cited by 250 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…There has also been a dramatic reduction in the number of deaths from neonatal tetanus (over 90% since the 1980s), achieved through routine immunization of mothers attending antenatal clinics with tetanus toxoid, but it is estimated that there were still about 60 000 preventable deaths from this infection in 2012 (www.who.int/topics/tetanus (accessed 8 November 2013)). The impact of vaccination has not been limited to the developing world, and a recent review from the USA [16] estimated that 103 million cases of selected infectious diseases had been prevented by vaccination since 1924.…”

Section: (C) the Expanded Programme On Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future

Greenwood

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

775

516

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Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health. Two major infections, smallpox and rinderpest, have been eradicated. Global coverage of vaccination against many important infectious diseases of childhood has been enhanced dramatically since the creation of WHO's Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974 and of the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization in 2000. Polio has almost been eradicated and success in controlling measles makes this infection another potential target for eradication. Despite these successes, approximately 6.6 million children still die each year and about a half of these deaths are caused by infections, including pneumonia and diarrhoea, which could be prevented by vaccination. Enhanced deployment of recently developed pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines should, therefore, result in a further decline in childhood mortality. Development of vaccines against more complex infections, such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV, has been challenging and achievements so far have been modest. Final success against these infections may require combination vaccinations, each component stimulating a different arm of the immune system. In the longer term, vaccines are likely to be used to prevent or modulate the course of some non-infectious diseases. Progress has already been made with therapeutic cancer vaccines and future potential targets include addiction, diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.

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Section: (C) the Expanded Programme On Immunizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future

Greenwood

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

775

516

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“…Our ability to characterize the global picture of childhood diseases is limited, because detailed epidemiological data are generally nonexistent or inaccessible across much of the world. Available data suggest that recurrent outbreaks of acute infectious diseases peak within a relatively consistent, but disease-specific, seasonal window, which differs geographically (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). Geographic variation in disease transmission is poorly understood, suggesting substantial knowledge gains from methods that can expand global epidemiological surveillance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital epidemiology reveals global childhood disease seasonality and the effects of immunization

Bakker

Martinez

Helm

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Public health surveillance systems are important for tracking disease dynamics. In recent years, social and real-time digital data sources have provided new means of studying disease transmission. Such affordable and accessible data have the potential to offer new insights into disease epidemiology at national and international scales. We used the extensive information repository Google Trends to examine the digital epidemiology of a common childhood disease, chicken pox, caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV), over an 11-y period. We (i) report robust seasonal information-seeking behavior for chicken pox using Google data from 36 countries, (ii) validate Google data using clinical chicken pox cases, (iii) demonstrate that Google data can be used to identify recurrent seasonal outbreaks and forecast their magnitude and seasonal timing, and (iv) reveal that VZV immunization significantly dampened seasonal cycles in informationseeking behavior. Our findings provide strong evidence that VZV transmission is seasonal and that seasonal peaks show remarkable latitudinal variation. We attribute the dampened seasonal cycles in chicken pox information-seeking behavior to VZV vaccine-induced reduction of seasonal transmission. These data and the methodological approaches provide a way to track the global burden of childhood disease and illustrate population-level effects of immunization. The global latitudinal patterns in outbreak seasonality could direct future studies of environmental and physiological drivers of disease transmission.

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“…One analysis estimates that immunization has prevented 75-106 million cases of disease in the United States alone 1 . Since the 1980s, every US state has required a standard battery of vaccines for school enrolment.…”

Section: Personal Reasonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health: An injection of trust

Eisenstein¹

2014

Nature

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Contagious Diseases in the United States from 1888 to the Present

Cited by 250 publications

References 21 publications

The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future

The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future

Digital epidemiology reveals global childhood disease seasonality and the effects of immunization

Public health: An injection of trust

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