Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man

Patterson, Clair C.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1965.10664229

Cited by 454 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Lead concentrations in the bone constantly increase with age in both sexes. The analysis of lead in bone specimens can be used to monitor lead contamination in human beings [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] . In this paper, we intended to evaluate the total amount of lead exposure and accumulation in populations using human bones excavated at archeological sites, however, a confounding problem is that bones are exposed to post-mortem absorption of lead in the ground [29][30][31] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifestyle‐Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period

Nakashima¹,

Matsuno

Matsushita³

2007

Journal of Occupational Health

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Lifestyle-Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period: Tamiji NAKASHIMA, et al. Department of Anatomy, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan-We analyzed lead concentrations in bones from both genders of Japanese merchants (including rohnin; masterless samurai) and farmer classes, and compared the findings with those of the samurai class in the Edo period (1603-1867) to clarify gender and hierarchical (or occupational) differences in lead exposure during the Japanese feudal age. Merchant class females had significantly higher lead exposure (90.8 µg Pb/g dry bone; n=20) than males of the same class (39.9 µg Pb/g dry bone; n=31) (p<0.01), indicating a remarkable gender difference in the urban population. In contrast to these high concentrations, males and females of the farmer class living in agricultural (or semi-rural) areas had significantly lower exposure (total mean value; 9.2 µg Pb/g dry bone; n=4) than both genders of the merchant class (p<0.001), and the gender difference was not significant in this class. (J Occup Health 2007; 49: 134-139)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifestyle‐Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period

Nakashima¹,

Matsuno

Matsushita³

2007

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…However, excessive releases of toxic trace metals into the urban environment and the associated health implications only became apparent in the 1960s when anthropogenic Pb contamination of the urban environment was denoted. Patterson (1965) wrote that "the industrial use of lead is so massive today that the amount of lead mined and introduced into our relatively small urban environments each year is more than 100 times greater than the amount of natural lead leached each year from soils by streams and added to the oceans over the entire earth." Scientific studies of environmental geochemical phenomena within urbanized areas began to emerge.…”

Section: Development Of Urban Environmental Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

Wong

Thornton

2006

Environmental Pollution

546

225

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"Capsule": Urban environmental geochemistry as a scientific discipline provides valuable information on trace metal contamination of the urban environment and its associated health effects. AbstractAs the world's urban population continues to grow, it becomes increasingly imperative to understand the dynamic interactions between human activities and the urban environment. The development of urban environmental geochemistry has yielded a significant volume of scientific information about geochemical phenomena found uniquely in the urban environment, such as the distribution, dispersion, and geochemical characteristics of some toxic and potentially toxic trace metals. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of urban environmental geochemistry as a field of scientific study and highlight major transitions during the course of its development from its establishment to the major scientific interests in the field today. An extensive literature review is also conducted of trace metal contamination of the urban terrestrial environment, in particular of urban soils, in which the uniqueness of the urban environment and its influences  Corresponding author (X. D. Li): E-mail address: cexdli@polyu.edu.hk. Tel.: +852-2766-6041; Fax: +852-2334-6389. This is the Pre-Published Version.2 on trace metal contamination are elaborated. Last, potential areas of future development in urban environmental geochemistry are identified and discussed.

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“…It has greatly facilitated studies of human risk, for example, from methyl mercury in fish (5,15) and dioxin residues at the parts-per-trillion level (65). In the 1960s ultraclean laboratory techniques, free of traces of lead, allowed Clair Patterson to determine that "typical" levels of lead in air, soil, and tissues were neither natural nor normal (58). The decline in blood lead, coinciding with the decline in leaded gasoline use, is a graphic public-health success (Figure 1; 2).…”

Section: Analytic Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons in Environmental Health in the Twentieth Century

Gochfeld

Goldstein

1999

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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Environmental health has evolved rapidly in recent decades, drawing largely on new analytic technologies, advanced data acquisition and modeling, mechanistic studies in toxicology, and the conceptual framework of risk assessment. The latter combines toxicologic and epidemiologic data with improved techniques for quantifying exposure, producing estimates of risks from environmental hazards or conditions to selected target populations. The public and governments have become increasingly concerned with environmental health and quality. The major lessons have been (a) environmental-health scientists must participate in policy debates; (b) environmental health problems are exceedingly complex and require interdisciplinary research; and (c) environmental health is a global issue. The globalization of commerce, the untested impact of international trade agreements, increased migration, and especially increased population, have profound impact on the quality as well as availability of air, water, land, and food. Global atmospheric transport of pollutants and the effect on atmosphere and climate are two examples of globalization of environmental health.

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Contaminated and Natural Lead Environments of Man

Cited by 454 publications

References 41 publications

Lifestyle‐Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period

Lifestyle‐Determined Gender and Hierarchical Differences in the Lead Contamination of Bones from a Feudal Town of the Edo Period

Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals

Lessons in Environmental Health in the Twentieth Century

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