Contamination characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the agricultural soil of two industrial cities in South Korea

Park, Minkyu; Cho, Hye‐Kyung; Cho, In-Gyu; Lee, Sungeun; Choi, Sung-Deuk

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129721

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…PCNs and Cl-PAHs are ubiquitous in multiple environmental matrices, including atmosphere, airborne particulate matter, soil, water, and sediments. − These compounds have been shown to be potentially immunotoxic and carcinogenic by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor . Exposure to PCNs and Cl-PAHs occurs by inhalation, ingestion of contaminated food and water, and dermal contact. , These lipophilic compounds can accumulate and transfer through the food chain .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Formation and Profile of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Chlorobenzene and Chloroethylene Manufacturing Processes

Liu

Yang

Wang

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including chlorinated naphthalenes and congeners with three to five rings are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants. Congener profiles and formation mechanisms from typical chemical manufacturing have not been researched extensively. We measured the concentrations of 75 chlorinated naphthalenes and 18 chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in raw materials, intermediates, products, and bottom residues from chemical plants producing monochlorobenzene and chloroethylene by different techniques. The findings confirmed that these chemical manufacturing processes are newly identified sources of atmospheric emissions of these compounds. More-chlorinated naphthalenes were formed from chloroethylene production than from monochlorobenzene production, which could be explained by the higher temperatures in the former process. Successive chlorination appeared to be an important formation pathway of polychlorinated naphthalenes according to their congener profiles and was supported by quantum chemical calculations of electrophilic chlorination on various positions of naphthalene. Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were more likely to be formed during the production of monochlorobenzene than chloroethylene. Moreover, we suggested that ring rearrangement and ring coupling are important transformation reactions between polychlorinated naphthalenes and chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Formation and Profile of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Chlorobenzene and Chloroethylene Manufacturing Processes

Liu

Yang

Wang

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Unlike PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs, the toxic equivalent factors (TEFs) of PCNs are not provided from international agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) (Van den Berg et al, 2006). In our study, the TEFs of PCN congeners were used from the values proposed by Falandysz et al (2014), which was used for other studies (Pagano and Garner, 2021;Park et al, 2021). The toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations were calculated by multiplying the actual concentration of individual PCN congener and its TEF.…”

Section: Calculation Of Toxic Equivalent Concentrations and Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, thermal-related industrial activities could primarily contribute to sedimentary contamination by PCNs. Park et al (2021) reported that combustion-related congeners are predominantly detected in agricultural soils near industrial cities of Korea. Group B, an innermost location (Station W1) from Woihwang River, was characterized by a higher contribution of tetra-CNs (44% of PCN), such as CNs 28/36, 46, and 48, to the PCN concentrations.…”

Section: Congener-specific Profiles and Potential Sources Of Polychlorinated Naphthalenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gu et al (2021) predicted that PCN congeners are highly toxic at all the trophic positions in the food-web associated with joint toxicity mechanisms. To date, most previous studies have conducted the determination of PCN congeners in environmental and biota samples using a high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) (Park et al, 2010(Park et al, , 2021Liu et al, 2018;Kim et al, 2019a). Due to the enhanced sensitivity, chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) has been partly utilized for PCN analysis in sediment samples (Li et al, 2016a;Wu et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Sediment From Industrialized Coastal Waters of Korea With the Optimized Cleanup and GC-MS/MS Methods

Lee

Lee³

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Limited studies have been conducted on polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the coastal environment worldwide. In this study, analytical methods were optimized for 18 PCN congeners in sediment using a multi-layer silica gel column and a gas chromatograph coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The optimized analytical methods of PCNs were employed for sediment samples from heavily industrialized bays of Korea to assess the occurrence, contamination, potential sources, and ecotoxicological concerns. PCNs were detected in all sediment samples, indicating ubiquitous contamination in industrialized coastal regions of Korea. Total concentrations and toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCNs ranged from 0.99 to 21,500 (mean: 568) pg/g dry weight and from 1.72 × 10–5 to 18.8 (mean: 0.52) pg TEQ/g dry weight, respectively, which were within the ranges reported by other studies. A clear decreasing gradient was observed for the sedimentary PCNs from inner to outer parts of the bays, streams, and rivers. This result indicates that industrial activities are primary sources of PCNs. The highest PCN concentrations were observed in sediment close to non-ferrous and petrochemical industries, indicating potential sources. CNs 73 and 52 were predominant congeners of PCNs in all sediment samples. Diagnostic ratios and non-parametric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the potential primary sources of PCNs are thermal-related emissions and the use of PCB technical mixtures. Although a few sediment samples exceeded the sediment quality guidelines of TEQs, the cumulative risks by dioxin-like contaminants may be caused for almost all coastal zones surveyed. This is the first report on PCNs in sediment from Korean coastal waters.

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“…Previous studies of dated sediments found that emissions, consumption, and regulatory actions are crucial factors in historical trends of targeted contaminants (Kannan et al, 2000;Moon et al, 2009;Lee et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2018). Although PCNs never produced in Korea, measurable levels of PCNs have been reported in the country's for air, soil, biota, and human serum (Fromme et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2019;Park et al, 2021). No data are available on PCNs in coastal environments and limited information is available on historical trends for PCNs around the world (Kannan et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediment from industrialized coastal environments of Korea: Potential sources and ecotoxicological concerns

Lee

Lee³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Few studies have been conducted on spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in coastal environments. Here, we describe 18 PCN congeners found in surface and dated sediment samples collected from highly industrialized bays of Korea. Measurable levels of PCN congeners were detected in all sediment samples, suggesting concurrent and historical contamination. The highest PCN concentrations were observed in sediment from rivers, streams, and the inner portions of the bays, which are surrounded by industrial complexes and commercial harbours. CNs 73, 66/67, and 52 were dominant in surface and dated sediment samples. Congener patterns and diagnostic ratios revealed that PCN contamination is originated from combustion processes and the use of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) technical mixtures. PCN concentrations in dated sediment increased from the 1980s to the mid 2000s and then decreased to 2015. Although the toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels of PCNs in our study did not exceed sediment quality guidelines proposed by international authorities, the cumulative risks from the TEQ concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, PCBs, and PCNs can be expected for benthic organisms.

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Contamination characteristics of polychlorinated naphthalenes in the agricultural soil of two industrial cities in South Korea

Cited by 17 publications

References 37 publications

Insights into the Formation and Profile of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Chlorobenzene and Chloroethylene Manufacturing Processes

Insights into the Formation and Profile of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during Chlorobenzene and Chloroethylene Manufacturing Processes

Distribution of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Sediment From Industrialized Coastal Waters of Korea With the Optimized Cleanup and GC-MS/MS Methods

Spatial and temporal trends in polychlorinated naphthalenes in sediment from industrialized coastal environments of Korea: Potential sources and ecotoxicological concerns

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