Contemporary Concepts of Masculinity and Femininity

Jenkin, Noel; Vroegh, Karen

doi:10.2466/pr0.1969.25.3.679

Cited by 46 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous findings (e.g., Jenkin & Vroegh, 1969;Komarovsky, 1946;Wallin, 1950) of persistent gender-role stereotypes. Valian (1998) concludes gender stereotypes still exist and have changed very little over the years.…”

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypessupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Further, they concluded that masculinity and femininity were clearly independent of each other. Jenkin and Vroegh's (1969) second study reinforced the findings of the first study, including a larger sample size. They found that the most descriptive items for LMI were effeminate, emotionally unstable, and an apologetic voice, and the most descriptive items for LFI were arrogant, bossy, and sexually unattractive.…”

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypessupporting

confidence: 78%

“…This is illustrated in the Jenkins and Vroegh's (1969) studies where the least masculine men are described as feminine or effeminate, clearly female characteristics which are, as stated in Broverman et al (1972) study, not valued. Even English (2003) argues that men who do not conform to the typical "look" for men may be inhibited from advancing in an organization despite their abilities.…”

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The convergence of the two gender roles has not progressed as much as one would have expected in that time frame. Jenkin and Vroegh (1969) investigated how masculinity and femininity were perceived by middle-class American men and women through two studies. They asked the participants to describe the most and least masculine and the most and least feminine person imagined.…”

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Impact of Same-Sex Harassment and Gender-Role Stereotypes on Title VII Protection for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Employees

Berkley

Watt

2006

Employ Respons Rights J

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When victimized in the workplace, gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) employees often find themselves without recourse as Title VII does not recognize sexual orientation to be a protected class. We suggest that recent court decisions that have expanded Title VII to protect individuals from discrimination based upon violations of gender norms can be used to provide a basis for protection of GLB individuals under this statute. Using a review of the role of gender norms in the workplace as well as an analysis of recent court decisions , this paper provides the theoretical background and conceptual argument (but does not attempt to make the legal argument) to suggest that same-sex harassment and discrimination are considered violations of societal gender norms and should therefore be protected under the expanded coverage of Title VII.

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Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypessupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypessupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Gender Norms and Stereotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Impact of Same-Sex Harassment and Gender-Role Stereotypes on Title VII Protection for Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Employees

Berkley

Watt

2006

Employ Respons Rights J

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“…Thus to some extent, males and females who hold traditionally feminine expectations in certain areas also tend to hold some masculine expectations. These findings support the conclusions of Vroegh (1971) and Jenkin and Vroegh (1969), who operationalized gender roles as personality traits and focused on different age categories. Their research also challenges the validity of the bipolar and unidimensional nature of gender roles.…”

Section: Relationship Between Gender Role Expectationssupporting

confidence: 89%

Gender Role Expectations of Juveniles

Norland¹,

James

Shover³

1978

The Sociological Quarterly

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This paper discusses the development of two five-item Likert scales that classify juveniles' gender role expectations as highly traditional to nontraditional. One is composed of behavioral expectations that juveniles define as traditionally feminine and the other is composed of expectations they define as traditionally masculine. With a sample of junior and senior high school students, correlational and factor analyses of scale items were conducted to assess the validity of the assumptions of bipolarity and unidimensionality common in theoretical conceptualizations of gender roles. The results suggest that feminine and masculine role expectations are not bipolar opposites and do not form a unidimensional continuum.In the social sciences, a considerable amount of attention is currently focused on the concept of gender role. Variation in gender roles has been theoretically linked to a variety of sociological and psychological concerns. One traditional theoretical interest which has been renewed is the relationship between gender roles and delinquency. Several writers (e.g., Adler, 1975;Haskell and Yablonsky, 1974;Oakley, 1972;Gold and Mann, 1972) have maintained that delinquent behavior is directly related to a masculine gender role orientation. Though this hypothesis is not new, it remains systematically untested, in part due to the lack of means to measure traditional gender roles of juveniles. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, questionnaire items and scales that measure juveniles' conceptions of traditionally feminine and traditionally masculine behavioral expectations will be presented. Secondly, some of the important assumptions that characterize theoretical work with gender roles will be discussed.The impetus for this research was a practical one. While designing a survey to study various correlates of gender roles it became evident that very few measures of gender roles of juveniles have been created. Several studies have been conducted with college students and other categories of adults, focusing on their attitudes toward gender role activities (Kammeyer

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