“…There are two cycles of studies: first cycle (undergraduate) and second cycle (postgraduate), with the first cycle of studies lasting a minimum of three years (European Higher Education Area, 1999). Since the Bologna Declaration was implemented in Europe, higher education institutions have made an effort to widen participation rates, particularly in the first cycle, of underrepresented groups, including nontraditional learners from diverse ages, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds who look for improved opportunities for employment and socioeconomic mobility (Butcher, Corfield, & Rose-Adams, 2012;Devas, 2011). Women, lower socioeconomic groups, ethnic minorities, and mature adults have been the four key target groups for the widening participation of postsecondary education movement (Tight, 2012).…”