Contingency and Determinism in Replicated Adaptive Radiations of Island Lizards

Losos, Jonathan B.; Jackman, Todd R.; Larson, Allan; Queiroz, Kevin de; Rodrı́guez-Schettino, Lourdes

doi:10.1126/science.279.5359.2115

Cited by 1,015 publications

(980 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…We only report the statistics for the variables mentiaoned above, because previous studies have already documented significant differences in sprint speed and limb length among ecomorphs (see Losos 1990;Irschick and Losos 1998;Losos et al 1998;Beuttell and Losos 1999).…”

Section: Ecomorph Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, ANCOVAs on the 1000 simulated datasets were carried out, and a ''phylogenetic'' null distribution of Fvalues was created per trait (PDANOVA; Garland et al 1993). If the F-values obtained from ''traditional'' ANCOVAs were greater than the phylogenetic F-values at the 0.05 level, differences among ecomorphs were considered statistically significant.We only report the statistics for the variables mentiaoned above, because previous studies have already documented significant differences in sprint speed and limb length among ecomorphs (see Losos 1990;Irschick and Losos 1998;Losos et al 1998;Beuttell and Losos 1999).Since some ecomorph groups only consisted of one species, we were unable to test for differences in slopes among the groups. We only report significance results for the differences among ecomorphs after correcting for differences in SVL (i.e., differences in intercepts).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We use Anolis lizards as our study system because they typically use short and unpredictable locomotor bouts during predator escape, foraging, and social interactions Losos 1998, 1999). In addition, Anolis lizards have evolved independently at least four times into a series of ecologically, behaviorally, and morphologically distinct forms called ecomorphs (e.g., Losos et al 1998). To understand the nature of the speed-acceleration relationship, we determine which morphological characters correlate to acceleration capacity and sprint speed, respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Quick and the Fast: The Evolution of Acceleration Capacity in Anolis Lizards

et al. 2006

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Abstract. Although of prime ecological relevance, acceleration capacity is a poorly understood locomotor performance trait in terrestrial vertebrates. No empirical data exist on which design characteristics determine acceleration capacity among species and whether these design traits influence other aspects of locomotor performance. In this study we explore how acceleration capacity and sprint speed have evolved in Anolis lizards. We investigate whether the same or different morphological traits (i.e., limb dimensions and muscle mass) correlate with both locomotor traits. Within our sample of Anolis lizards, relative sprint speed and acceleration capacity coevolved. However, whereas the variation in relative acceleration capacity is primarily explained by the variation in relative knee extensor muscle mass, the variation in relative sprint speed is correlated to the variation in relative femur, tibia, and metatarsus length as well as knee extensor muscle mass. The fact that the design features required to excel in either performance trait partly overlap might explain the positive correlation between the variation in relative sprint speed and acceleration capacity. Furthermore, our data show how similar levels of sprint performance can be achieved through different morphological traits (limb segment lengths and muscle mass) suggesting that redundant mapping has potentially played a role in mitigating trade-offs.Key words. Ecomorphology, interspecific, comparison, locomotion, muscle, performance.Received July 12, 2006. Accepted July 20, 2006 Although rarely empirically demonstrated, locomotor performance is believed to be a crucial determinant of organismal fitness (see LeGalliard et al. 2004;Miles 2004;Husak 2006). Not surprisingly, the study of locomotor performance, in all its facets, has undergone explosive growth over the last decades. During this time, a wealth of data has become available on how genetics, morphology, physiology, kinematics, behavior, and ecology affect locomotor performance (reviews in Bennett and Huey 1990;Garland and Losos 1994;Irschick and Garland 2001;Autumn et al. 2002;Biewener 2002). One aspect most of these locomotion studies share is that they focus on steady-state locomotion in which movement is typically linear and uniform (i.e., at a constant speed). In nature, however, animals often show intermittent locomotion, including pauses alternating with fast and unpredictable bursts of movement (see Kramer and McLaughlin 2001;Weinstein 2001). Although non-steady-state locomotion, during which movement is nonuniform and typically unpredictable (i.e., accelerating and decelerating bouts), is thus likely of prime ecological relevance, it has hardly been investigated in detail (Garland and Losos 1994).Surprisingly, an extensive literature search revealed no empirical data on which functional characteristics actually determine acceleration capacity among species, and how. In addition, it is unclear whether the design traits determining acceleration capacity influence other aspects of locomot...

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Section: Ecomorph Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The Quick and the Fast: The Evolution of Acceleration Capacity in Anolis Lizards

et al. 2006

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“…This kind of evolution has been of great interest to biologists, as the evolution of similar traits in similar environments is strong evidence that the traits are evolving in response to natural selection (Harvey and Pagel 1991). As a result, there are numerous examples of parallel phenotypic evolution reported in the literature (for review see Schluter et al 2004): for example, the independent origins of Anolis lizard ecomorphs on the Caribbean Islands (Losos et al 1998), a reduction of eyes in different populations of cave amphipods (Jones et al 1992), independent evolution of crablike morphology from shrimp-like ancestors (Morrison et al 2002), and the evolution of sexual isolation in sticklebacks (Boughman et al 2005), to cite a few. While many cases abound, unfortunately there is an inherent bias in the literature in that only positive cases of parallel evolution are reported whereas the absence of parallel evolution goes unreported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Parallel Genetic Evolution Within and Between Bacteriophage Species of Varying Degrees of Divergence

Bollback

Huelsenbeck

2009

Genetics

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Parallel evolution is the acquisition of identical adaptive traits in independently evolving populations. Understanding whether the genetic changes underlying adaptation to a common selective environment are parallel within and between species is interesting because it sheds light on the degree of evolutionary constraints. If parallel evolution is perfect, then the implication is that forces such as functional constraints, epistasis, and pleiotropy play an important role in shaping the outcomes of adaptive evolution. In addition, population genetic theory predicts that the probability of parallel evolution will decline with an increase in the number of adaptive solutions-if a single adaptive solution exists, then parallel evolution will be observed among highly divergent species. For this reason, it is predicted that close relatives-which likely overlap more in the details of their adaptive solutions-will show more parallel evolution. By adapting three related bacteriophage species to a novel environment we find (1) a high rate of parallel genetic evolution at orthologous nucleotide and amino acid residues within species, (2) parallel beneficial mutations do not occur in a common order in which they fix or appear in an evolving population, (3) low rates of parallel evolution and convergent evolution between species, and (4) the probability of parallel and convergent evolution between species is strongly effected by divergence.

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“…If competition is strong among coexisting species and relevant traits are evolutionarily labile, such that they can evolve rapidly, interspecific interactions might shape their evolutionary trajectories (Losos 1992, Schluter and McPhail 1992, Losos et al 1998, Tofts and Silvertown 2000, and ecological character displacement is predicted among sympatric species. In the absence of evolutionary character displacement, competition might structure ecological communities by restricting coexistence to species with previously evolved niche differences via species sorting (Grant 1972, Davies et al 2007), evident as community-wide character displacement.…”

Section: Tree Shape Trait Evolution and Species Coexistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Using phylogenetic trees to test for character displacement: a model and an example from a desert mammal community

Davies

Cooper

Diniz‐Filho

et al. 2012

Ecology

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Abstract. The distribution of traits within communities is thought to provide information on the evolutionary and ecological forces that structure community composition. Ecological character displacement (evolutionary divergence among populations of interacting species within a community), as well as community-wide character displacement (even dispersion of species traits within a community via species sorting), have been widely reported and are typically interpreted as evidence for interspecific competition. However, defining an appropriate null distribution with which to assess the observed distribution of traits within a community has proved controversial. Phylogenetic methods provide an alternative approach to evaluating community structure, but such methods also require an appropriate null and have typically overlooked the potential for evolutionary dynamics within communities. Here, we present a novel phylogenetic framework that uses evolutionary expectations to generate a simple null model of the expected distribution of traits among co-occurring species. Using a stochastic Brownian motion model of trait change, we illustrate that the expected communitywide dispersion of traits varies with phylogenetic tree shape. We then use data on body mass for mammals to evaluate the accuracy with which phylogeny can predict the empirical distribution of traits and find a strong correlation between predicted and observed trait distributions. We suggest that deviations from phylogenetic expectations may therefore provide a useful tool for evaluating the role of competition in shaping community structure. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our approach using empirical data on body mass and a phylogeny for a small community of terrestrial mammals in Yotvata, Israel, and reveal evidence consistent with ecological and community-wide character displacement. Our method unites ecological and evolutionary approaches, and it provides a novel framework for exploring community structure.

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Contingency and Determinism in Replicated Adaptive Radiations of Island Lizards

Cited by 1,015 publications

References 17 publications

The Quick and the Fast: The Evolution of Acceleration Capacity in Anolis Lizards

The Quick and the Fast: The Evolution of Acceleration Capacity in Anolis Lizards

Parallel Genetic Evolution Within and Between Bacteriophage Species of Varying Degrees of Divergence

Using phylogenetic trees to test for character displacement: a model and an example from a desert mammal community

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