Continuing HIV Risk in New York City Injection Drug Users: The Association of Syringe Source and Syringe Sharing

Jenness, Samuel M.; Hagan, Holly; Liu, Kai Lih; Wendel, Travis; Murrill, Christopher S.

doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.521467

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Young adults who use opioids were recruited from August 2017 to July 2018 from 5 counties in rural Appalachian Kentucky to participate in an online survey, programmed in SurveyGizmo [42]. The survey contained questions about participants’ substance use, sexual and drug-related risk behaviors, and risk environments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Substance use self-report can be employed for eligibility screening; however, validation studies using biologic techniques have shown a range of accuracy and under-reporting, with frequency and magnitude depending on drug class and socioecological factors [32,33]. Many in-person studies of PWUD use urine drug testing (UDT), saliva testing, or visual inspection for injection stigmata to verify eligibility [34-42]. These methods, of course, are not possible during online screenings, and using UDT or in-person/virtual consultation to confirm eligibility in Web-based studies would be time- and resource-intensive and could offset the advantages of online research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative to in-person UDT and/or visual inspection of participants to verify substance use and IP address geolocation to verify residential location is assessing knowledge about drug use and the target study area. Previous studies have used trained interviewers to assess prospective participants’ knowledge about the preparation of drugs for injection, administration of injections, and the size and color of needles and syringes, in addition to visual inspection for injection stigmata [42,50]. Other studies that include PWUD through noninjection routes have used interviewer-administered questionnaires to assess knowledge of street terminology, major formula doses (eg, milligram), and pill images [41,51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study

Ballard¹,

Cooper²,

Young³

2019

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background Web-based methods can be used to collect data from hidden populations, including people who use drugs (PWUD). These methods might be especially advantageous among PWUD in rural areas, where transportation barriers are prevalent, stigma may heighten concerns about confidentiality, and internet access is improving. However, Web-based research with PWUD can be challenging, especially in verifying eligibility. Administering quizzes to verify residential and substance use eligibility could prove valuable in online research among PWUD, yet the utility of this approach is currently unknown. Objective This study describes the implementation of online eligibility quizzes about the local community to verify residence in the target study area along with drug dose, appearance, and price to verify opioid misuse. Methods To be eligible, individuals had to live in 1 of 5 eastern Kentucky counties, report using opioids to get high in the past 30 days, and be 18 to 35 years old. Participants recruited from August 2017 to July 2018 were asked questions about their opioid use followed by a quiz about drug dose, appearance, and price to verify substance use eligibility. Residential eligibility was verified with 5-question quizzes assessing knowledge of the county where they reported living. Questions tested knowledge about towns, festivals, and landmarks; local school mascots and colors; and presence of certain retail stores, restaurants, and facilities (eg, jails). A subsample that reported using opioids in the past 24 hours was randomly selected to complete urine drug testing (UDT). Nonparametric tests were performed to explore differences across demographic subgroups. Results Of the 410 entries assessed for eligibility, 39.3% (161/410) were ineligible as they reported no substance use, being outside the age range, or living outside the study area. Of the remaining 249 who met the eligibility criteria based on age, residency, and opioid misuse, 94.0% (234/249) passed the eligibility quizzes. Among those who passed the heroin quiz, 99.4% (167/168) recognized the image of powdered heroin, 94.6% (159/168) answered the cap size (ie, the purchase unit) question correctly, and 97.0% (163/168) answered the street price question correctly. Among those who passed the drug quiz for prescription opioids, 95% (36/38) answered the dose question correctly, and 82% (31/38) selected the correct image. In a random sample of participants who completed UDT within 3 days of their online screening, 74% (25/34) tested positive for an opioid. Conclusions This study demonstrated the utility of using online eligibility screening quizzes to verify opioid misuse and residence. Participants accurately recognized heroin and prescription opioid doses, prices, and images and correctly answered questions about features of their county. Online quizzes to screen and enr...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study

Ballard¹,

Cooper²,

Young³

2019

JMIR Res Protoc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Research to identify methods to achieve greater reductions is a priority at this stage. For example, despite the development of multiple sources of sterile syringes (e.g., needle exchange programs [NEPs] and the Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program), many IDUs are not accessing them consistently (Jenness, Hagan, Liu, Wendel, & Murrill, 2011), and continued efforts to reduce blood-borne infections among IDUs (e.g., hepatitis C virus [HCV]) are needed (Vlahov, Ompad, Fuller, & Nandi, 2011). Efforts to understand barriers to consistent utilization of sterile syringes and other injection-related equipment, and to promote safer injection and drug use practices, are needed.…”

Section: Continued Efforts To Reduce Injection-related Risk Behaviorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Emerging Research Needs in Studying the NYC HIV–Drug Use Epidemic

Deren

Hagan

Friedman

et al. 2011

Substance Use & Misuse

Self Cite

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As we begin the fourth decade of the epidemic, it is clear that, as demonstrated by the articles in this Special Issue, much has been learned about factors contributing to the decline in HIV prevalence among drug users in New York. However, there are a number of outstanding research questions that remain or are emerging. Following is a summary of some of the topics requiring further research. While this summary does not represent a comprehensive list, it is based on many of the questions raised in the articles in this Special Issue and identifies some of the directions to be investigated during the next decade.

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“…The primary aim of most applications of respondent-driven 19–21 and venue-based sampling 22–24 is surveillance-oriented—producing generalizable estimates of HIV prevalence and risk behaviors—and most methodological research on these sampling methods focuses on prevalence estimation. 25–32 Few studies have developed key population size estimators for such samples, and almost all of those have focused on respondent-driven sampling, where researchers have used network scale-up, 33,34 capture–recapture, 35,36 and Bayesian approaches, 37,38 drawing on tools of size estimation for traditional samples. 39–42…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Hidden Population Sizes with Venue-based Sampling

et al. 2019

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Background: Researchers use a variety of population size estimation methods to determine the sizes of key populations at elevated risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), an important step in quantifying epidemic impact, advocating for high-risk groups, and planning, implementing, and monitoring prevention, care, and treatment programs. Conventional procedures often use information about sample respondents’ social network contacts to estimate the sizes of key populations of interest. Recent work proposes a generalized network scale-up method that combines two samples – a traditional sample of the general population and a link-tracing sample of the hidden population – and produces more accurate results with fewer assumptions than conventional approaches. Methods: We extended the generalized network scale-up method from link tracing samples to samples collected with venue-based sampling designs popular in sampling key populations at risk of HIV. Our method obviates the need for a traditional sample of the general population, as long as the size of the venue-attending population is approximately known. We tested the venue-based generalized network scale-up method in a comprehensive simulation evaluation framework. Results: The venue-based generalized network scale-up method provided accurate and efficient estimates of key population sizes, even when few members of the key population were sampled, yielding average biases below ±6% except when false-positive reporting error is high. It relies on limited assumptions and, in our tests, was robust to numerous threats to inference. Conclusions: Key population size estimation is vital to the successful implementation of efforts to combat HIV/AIDS. Venue-based network scale-up approaches offer another tool that researchers and policymakers can apply to these problems.

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Continuing HIV Risk in New York City Injection Drug Users: The Association of Syringe Source and Syringe Sharing

Cited by 12 publications

References 69 publications

Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study

Web-Based Eligibility Quizzes to Verify Opioid Use and County Residence Among Rural Young Adults: Eligibility Screening Results from a Feasibility Study

Current and Emerging Research Needs in Studying the NYC HIV–Drug Use Epidemic

Estimating Hidden Population Sizes with Venue-based Sampling

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