Continuous Electrowetting Surface-Wave Fluid Antenna for Mobile Communications

Abstract

In this paper, a reconfigurable fluid antenna that utilizes continuous electrowetting (CEW) techniques for achieving agile radiation pattern was presented. The proposed CEW method can electronically shift the position of the liquid metal on the surface-wave antenna. The travelling speed of the liquid metal when immersed in sodium hydroxide electrolyte of different concentrations, and biased under different control signal voltages and waveforms have been experimentally evaluated, the results show that the maximum travelling speed of the liquid metal is about 10 mm.s -1 . The antenna operates in a wide frequency range from 23.5 to 38 GHz, which covers the Very High 5G Frequency band in the different countries. The simulation results show that the addition of CEW geometry will not significantly affect the overall performance of the antenna.

Maximizing the network outage rate for fast fluid antenna multiple access systems

“…> 0. As a result, the maximum of C (𝛾) occurs at (20). Finally, substituting (20) into (1) gives (21), which completes the proof.…”

“…In each of the figures, the results for N = 100, 300, 1500 are provided. The red dots represent the actual optimal SIR threshold, 𝛾 * , while the blue vertical lines show the optimal SIR threshold, γ * predicted by our analysis in (20). Several observations can be made.…”

“…Recent researches have shown encouraging results suggesting feasibility of the concept and led to several reconfigurable fluid antenna designs, for example, [20][21][22][23][24][25]. The article [26] even provides a survey and discusses the prospect of having a fluid antenna array (i.e.…”

“…Theorem 3 suggests that one should increase the network rate by packing more users onto the same radio resource unit using f -FAMA. However, according to Theorem 2, the optimal SIR threshold is inversely proportional to U − 1, see (20). As a result, the maximization of C (𝛾) comes with a compromise on the individual's rate performance.…”

“…Another high‐profile success appeared to be the advanced saltwater‐based beam‐steering system developed by Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics [18, 19]. Recent researches have shown encouraging results suggesting feasibility of the concept and led to several reconfigurable fluid antenna designs, for example, [20–25]. The article [26] even provides a survey and discusses the prospect of having a fluid antenna array (i.e.…”