Continuous Nanoscale Carbon Fibers with Superior Mechanical Strength

Liu, Jie; Yue, Zhongren; Fong, Hao

doi:10.1002/smll.200801440

Cited by 159 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Carbon fibers In contrast to PLA or PGL fibers, carbon fibers are not biodegradable but are chemically inert and mechanically more resistant to torsion and tension, in particular when twisted, giving rise to nanotubes with a torsion resistance modulus higher than that of bone (for a review, see Liu et al 2009b). They are increasingly being tested as bone implant material.…”

Section: Synthetic Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues from the extracellular matrix

et al. 2009

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The ultimate goal in the design of biomimetic materials for use in tissue engineering as permanent or resorbable tissue implants is to generate biocompatible scaffolds with appropriate biomechanical and chemical properties to allow the adhesion, ingrowth, and survival of cells. Recent efforts have therefore focused on the construction and modification of biomimetic surfaces targeted to support tissue-specific cell functions including adhesion, growth, differentiation, motility, and the expression of tissue-specific genes. Four decades of extensive research on the structure and biological influence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) on cell behavior and cell fate have shown that three types of information from the ECM are relevant for the design of biomimetic surfaces: (1) physical properties (elasticity, stiffness, resilience of the cellular environment), (2) specific chemical signals from peptide epitopes contained in a wide variety of extracellular matrix molecules, and (3) the nanoscale topography of microenvironmental adhesive sites. Initial physical and chemical approaches aimed at improving the adhesiveness of biomaterial surfaces by sandblasting, particle coating, or etching have been supplemented by attempts to increase the bioactivity of biomaterials by coating them with ECM macromolecules, such as fibronectin, elastin, laminin, and collagens, or their integrin-binding epitopes including RGD, YIGSR, and GFOGER. Recently, the development of new nanotechnologies such as photo- or electron-beam nanolithography, polymer demixing, nano-imprinting, compression molding, or the generation of TiO(2) nanotubes of defined diameters (15-200 nm), has opened up the possibility of constructing biomimetic surfaces with a defined nanopattern, eliciting tissue-specific cellular responses by stimulating integrin clustering. This development has provided new input into the design of novel biomaterials. The new technologies allowing the construction of a geometrically defined microenvironment for cells at the nanoscale should facilitate the investigation of nanotopography-dependent mechanisms of integrin-mediated cell signaling.

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Section: Synthetic Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues from the extracellular matrix

et al. 2009

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“…For a perfect graphite, where the theoretical tensile modulus is approximately 1000 GPa, a theoretical tensile strength over 180 GPa is reported [61,62]. Due to the presence of structural imperfections such as surface defects, bulk defects, small cracks and/or flaws induced by internal stress, internal and external voids, the experimental tensile strength is repeatedly demonstrated to always be an order of magnitude lower than the theoretical strength.…”

Section: Assessment Of Tensile Testing Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Formation of non-graphitizing carbon fibers prepared from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) precursor fibers

Karacan

Erzurumluoğlu

2015

Fibers Polym

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The effect of carbonization temperature on the structure and properties of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)-based carbon fibers from commercially available Twaron ® (PPTA) presursor is reported. Turbostratic PPTA-based carbon fibers were produced using a single step procedure in an inert atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100 o C. In the present study, fiber diameter, mass yield, density, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing and electrical conductivity measurements were performed and evaluated to follow and monitor the properties and structural transformations of carbon fibers with rising temperature. The increase of heat-treatment temperature to 1100 o C decreased the interlayer d-spacing (d 0 0 2 ) and increased the in-plane size (L a ) and thickness (L c ) of the graphene layers. The intensity ratios of D to G bands in the Raman spectra increased with rising temperature, suggesting, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction measurements, that the in-plane size (L a ) of the graphene planes increased with temperature. The density, carbon content, C/H ratio, apparent crystallite size (L a and L c ), electrical conductivity and tensile properties of the resultant carbon fibers were enhanced with rising temperature. It has been shown that the gage length of the carbon fibers tested has a significant effect on the tensile strength obtained. After taking into account the effects of gage length and porosity dependence, the carbonization of PPTA precursor fibers prepared at 1100 o C gave a tensile strength of 191 MPa and a tensile modulus of 83 GPa, respectively.

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“…Während der Produktion können diverse Strukturdefekte entstehen, die die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Fasern beeinträch-tigen. [97] Alternativ lassen sich Kohlefasern auch durch Dehydrierung von gasförmigen Kohlenwasserstoffen bei hohen Temperaturen (1100 8C) in Gegenwart eines Metallkatalysators herstellen. [98,99] Die so erhaltenen Fasern bestehen im Kern aus gestapelten "nanocones", die wiederum von fehlgeordneten Graphitschichten mit einer Durchschnittsorientierung parallel zur Faserachse umgeben sind (Abbildung 3).…”

Section: Graphenunclassified

“…[96,97] Allerdings muss auch hier berück-sichtigt werden, dass, wie bei den CNTs, nur eine postsynthetische Funktionalisierung möglich ist und somit die Einsatzmöglichkeiten begrenzt sind.…”

Section: Graphenunclassified

Nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien aus molekularen Vorstufen

et al. 2010

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Nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien, also Kohlenstoffe, die eine charakteristische Größe im Nanometerbereich sowie eine eventuell funktionalisierte Oberfläche aufweisen, spielen eine zentrale Rolle in vielen wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen. Erste Anwendungen finden derartige Materialien dabei unter anderem in Bereichen wie der Erforschung alternativer Energiequellen, leistungsfähiger Energiespeichermaterialien, nachhaltiger chemischer Technologien oder auch im Gebiet der organisch‐elektronischen Materialien. Des Weiteren könnten diese Materialien mögliche Ansätze und Lösungen bieten, um dem voranschreitenden Verbrauch fossiler Brennstoffe und somit dem Klimawandel entgegenzusteuern. Ferner könnten nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien auch auf dem Gebiet der Mikroelektronik einen Durchbruch herbeiführen. Allerdings ist die Entwicklung neuer Herstellungsverfahren für kohlenstoffreiche Materialien unabdingbar, die unter anderem Kontrolle über die Oberflächenchemie, die mesoskopische Struktur und die Mikrostruktur ermöglichen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz ist dabei die Synthese dieser Materialien aus wohldefinierten molekularen Vorstufen.

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Continuous Nanoscale Carbon Fibers with Superior Mechanical Strength

Cited by 159 publications

References 22 publications

Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues from the extracellular matrix

Nanoscale engineering of biomimetic surfaces: cues from the extracellular matrix

Formation of non-graphitizing carbon fibers prepared from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) precursor fibers

Nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien aus molekularen Vorstufen

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