Continuous-wave and passively Q-switched Tm^3+-doped LuAG ceramic lasers

Achievements and Future Perspectives of the Trivalent Thulium-Ion-Doped Mixed-Sesquioxide Ceramics for Laser Applications

“…Over the last several years, a large number of scientific papers focused on trivalent thulium ions (Tm 3+ ) as activators in laser-grade materials have been published, because Tm 3+ , together with Ho 3+ [ 1 ], is an excellent candidate for the development of laser sources emitting in the near- and mid-infrared, from 1.5 to 2.3 µm [ 2 ]. As a matter of fact, the most common bulk matrices (i.e., crystals and transparent polycrystalline ceramics [ 3 ])—such as YAG [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], Lu 2 O 3 [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], Sc 2 O 3 [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], Y 2 O 3 [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], YLF [ 26 , 27 ], CaF 2 [ 28 , 29 , 30 ], LuAG [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]—were developed and studied achieving good performance in terms of laser output power, short pulse duration, and broad range of tunability (from 1.84 to 2.07 µm).…”

Passively Q-Switched Integrated Tm: YAG/Ho:YAP Laser

“…If so, the integrated Ho lasers can be designed with higher degree of freedom in the selection of Tm-doped and Ho-doped hosts among vanadates, fluorites, garnets, etc. which have been grown and demonstrated to be promising hosts for Tm and Ho ions at 2 μm [23]- [27]. Furthermore, although Q-switching by directly using the pulse modulation elements were limited in the intra-cavity pumping scheme due to the inevitable self-pulsing [21], [28], feasibility in achieving regular Q-switching pulsing can be explored according to the recently proposed hybrid cavity by spectrally separating the Tm laser from the Ho laser intra-cavity, where maximum average power of 474 mW at 2090 nm in a composite Tm/Ho:YAG laser has been reported [29].…”

Fabrication, microstructure, and optical properties of Tm:Y3ScAl4O12 laser ceramics

“…Eye‐safe 2 μm mid‐infrared lasers are widely applied in many fields due to the strong absorption by water and high transmission through the atmosphere . Applications including remote sensing, laser radar systems, medical instruments and so on have been studied . Tm 3+ is one of the most commonly used 2 μm laser active ions.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Applications including remote sensing, laser radar systems, medical instruments and so on have been studied. [5][6][7] Tm 3+ is one of the most commonly used 2 μm laser active ions. Tm 3+ has several optically active transitions, originating in particular, strong absorption bands located at around 681 and 780 nm which can be easily pumped by the AlGaAs LDs.…”