Contrasting effects of age on the plasma/whole blood lead ratio in men and women with a history of lead exposure

Barbosa, Fernando; Ramires, Irene; Rodrigues, Maria Heloísa Corrêa; Pierre, Tatiana D. Saint’; Curtius, Adilson José; Buzalaf, Marília Rabelo Afonso; Gerlach, Raquel Fernanda; Tanus‐Santos, Jose E.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.03.007

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Alternative biomarkers, such as PPb, EPb, and UPb, and their interrelation and kinetic models were extensively investigated (Barbosa et al 2006;Bergdahl 1998, Bergdahl et al 1997bBergdahl et al 1999;deSilva 1981, Hirata et al 1995O'Flaherty et al 1996;Smith et al 2002). Recently, PPb has been identified as a better biomarker for predicting Pb toxicity, as it represents the fraction of Pb in blood that is the most rapidly exchangeable and biologically available to cross cell membranes, such as the placenta.…”

Section: Relationship Between Hb and Bpb And Ppb And Epbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between blood erythrocyte lead concentrations and hemoglobin levels in preschool children

Liu

Huo

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Despite decades of intensive research, lead (Pb) toxicity still remains one of the most frequently investigated subjects in environmental health. Whole blood lead (BPb) is usually used to evaluate Pb exposure for both screening and clinical diagnosis. However, it is generally recognized that BPb is not a sensitive biomarker for Pb exposure in hematological studies. Considering hematocrit (HCT) variation in different situations, HCT-adjusted BPb or erythrocyte Pb (EPb) may be more relevant when evaluating the hematotoxicity of blood Pb. Data collected from 855 preschool children, 3-7 years of age, allowed us to examine the relationship between EPb and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Multivariate linear regression was performed to determine the significance of EPb as predictor of Hb after covariate adjustment; then, mean differences of Hb levels between quartiles of EPb and BPb (1st quartile as reference) were determined using ANOVA followed by Student's t test. The dose-response curve between EPb and HCT was plotted using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) method. A doubling of EPb was associated with a 2.44 g/L decrease in Hb level. Compared to the 1st quartile group of EPb, the 3rd and 4th quartile groups showed significant decreases in Hb levels (3.01 and 3.97 g/L, respectively). Compared to the 1st quartile group of BPb, the 2nd quartile group showed a decrease in Hb levels (0.63 g/L), while the 3rd and 4th quartile groups showed increases in Hb levels (0.78 and 1.45 g/L, respectively). Increased EPb levels are significantly associated with decreased Hb levels in preschool children. HCT must be taken into consideration in investigating the hematological effects of Pb. Compared to BPb, EPb or HCT-adjusted BPb appear as a more effective biomarker to interpret the hematotoxicity of lead. Furthermore, blood erythrocytes are not only a repository of Pb but also a primary target of its toxicity.

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Section: Relationship Between Hb and Bpb And Ppb And Epbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between blood erythrocyte lead concentrations and hemoglobin levels in preschool children

Liu

Huo

Lin

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Like many toxic substances, the health risk assessment of lead has largely been based on data from exposed men 23) , and women have mainly been investigated in mixed-gender studies. However, studies of men exposed to lead have many limitations when trying to understand the effects in women because of differences in organs, hormones, and other aspects such as lead metabolism and biokinetics [24][25][26] , dose-response relationships, thyroid function, and accumulation of lead in the liver [27][28][29] .…”

Section: Gender and Lead Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Exposure in Female Workers Who are Pregnant or of Childbearing Age

2011

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In adults, high-level lead exposure often occurs in the lead-related industries. Acute lead poisoning has become rare, but chronic exposure to low-level lead remains a public health issue. With recent advances in our understanding of lead toxicity at low-levels, researchers have shifted their focus to studying lead at concentrations below those currently recommended as 'acceptable' in worker protection. As gender plays an important role in the storage, biokinetics, and toxicity of lead, it seems inappropriate to extrapolate findings of lead exposure in men to women. Women's bones release lead more slowly to the bloodstream, so blood levels remain increased for a long time after cessation of high exposure, reflecting the endogenous source of the lead. Particularly in pregnant women, bone lead release could influence health in pregnancy and be extremely harmful to the rapidly growing and developing fetus. Accordingly, female workers of childbearing age should avoid excessive lead exposure. However, because studies of pregnant workers encounter many difficulties and inconveniences, sufficient research has not been conducted in this area. As an alternative, a group of non-occupationally exposed women, matched as well as possible for anthropometric and reproductive variables and with almost the same levels of blood lead, could be recruited for survey.

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“…However, the choice of the appropriate specimen depends on several factors, such as toxicokinetics (time of appearance and residence time of the biological parameter), the convenience or invasiveness of the specimen collection procedure, and the potential for specimen contamination. Several alternative, i.e., non-traditional, specimen matrices have been explored that permit non-invasive collection procedures, including saliva, hair, and nails [7,[16][17][18][19]. However, there is ongoing debate about the merits and limitations of these alternate matrices, as reliable biomarkers of internal dose.…”

Section: Biomonitoring For Essential and Toxic Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%