Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research

Rosenthal, Robert; Rosnow, Ralph L.; Rubin, Donald B.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511804403

Cited by 873 publications

(1,068 citation statements)

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“…To reduce the number of comparisons between prospective groups, we only tested differences between pairs of groups with the same 1997-99 diagnosis. Effect size was measured by the contrast coefficient r contrast [38]. Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventricular volume and dementia progression in the Cardiovascular Health Study

Carmichael

Kuller

López

et al. 2007

Neurobiology of Aging

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Elevated cerebral ventricular volume may be associated with dementia risk and progression. A fullyautomated technique that agreed highly with radiological readings was used to estimate lateral ventricle volume on MR scans done at baseline in 1997-99 of 377 subjects in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) from the Pittsburgh Center. 327 subjects were normal or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline and were evaluated 4 years later. Baseline ventricular volume was analyzed in multivariate models with age, gender, education level, presence and incidence of cerebral infarcts, and dementia category (normal, MCI, or dementia) at baseline and follow-up as fixed effects. Ventricular volume at baseline was significantly higher among subjects normal at baseline and demented 4 years later. Age, gender, education level, and dementia progression were significant factors affecting ventricular volume. Ventricular volume was higher in dementia compared to MCI, higher in MCI compared to controls, and higher in Possible-Alzheimer's-disease (AD) dementia compared to Probable-AD. Larger ventricles in healthy subjects may indicate susceptibility to, or progression of, dementia-related pathology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventricular volume and dementia progression in the Cardiovascular Health Study

Carmichael

Kuller

López

et al. 2007

Neurobiology of Aging

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“…More detailed discussions of the use of various effect size indicators can be found in Rosenthal (1994) and in Rosenthal et al (2000). The latter, in particular, describes a number of different correlational effect size indicators and gives reasons for often preferring them over various alternatives.…”

Section: Choice Of Effect Sizesmentioning

confidence: 99%

requivalent: A simple effect size indicator.

Rosenthal¹,

Rubin²

2003

Psychological Methods

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The purpose of this article is to propose a simple effect size estimate (obtained from the sample size, N, and a p value) that can be used (a) in meta-analytic research where only sample sizes and p values have been reported by the original investigator, (b) where no generally accepted effect size estimate exists, or (c) where directly computed effect size estimates are likely to be misleading. This effect size estimate is called r equivalent because it equals the sample point-biserial correlation between the treatment indicator and an exactly normally distributed outcome in a two-treatment experiment with N/2 units in each group and the obtained p value. As part of placing r equivalent into a broader context, the authors also address limitations of r equivalent .

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“…Estimates of the magnitude of the effect size were also computed (Rosenthal, Rosnow, & Rubin, 2000). The effect size estimators that accompanied the dependent t test and the ANOVA were Cohen's (1988) d and eta-square ( 2 η ), respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, a response shift is a result of respondents changing their internal evaluation standard for the dimension measured between pretest and posttest because of exposure to the treatment. There are, however, alternative sources of bias in response shifts-such as a pretesting effect, memory distortion, and subject acquiescence-which could presumably affect ratings in both the treatment and no-treatment comparison groups (Collins et al, 1985;Howard & Dailey, 1979;Sprangers & Hoogstraten, 1989).…”

Section: Pretesting Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Evaluation Of The Retrospective Pretest: Are There Advantages To Looking Back?

Nakonezny

Rodgers

2005

J. Mod. App. Stat. Meth.

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This article builds on research regarding response shift effects and retrospective self-report ratings. Results suggest moderate evidence of a response shift bias in the conventional pretest-posttest treatment design in the treatment group. The use of explicitly worded anchors on response scales, as well as the measurement of knowledge ratings (a cognitive construct) in an evaluation methodology setting, helped to mitigate the magnitude of a response shift bias. The retrospective pretest-posttest design provides a measure of change that is more in accord with the objective measure of change than is the conventional pretest-posttest treatment design with the objective measure of change, for the setting and experimental conditions used in the present study.

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Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research

Cited by 873 publications

References 0 publications

Ventricular volume and dementia progression in the Cardiovascular Health Study

Ventricular volume and dementia progression in the Cardiovascular Health Study

requivalent: A simple effect size indicator.

An Empirical Evaluation Of The Retrospective Pretest: Are There Advantages To Looking Back?

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