Contribution of APOE Genetic Variants to Dyslipidemia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: apo (apolipoprotein) E has crucial role in lipid metabolism. The genetic variation in APOE gene is associated with monogenic disorders and contributes to polygenic hypercholesterolemia and to interindividual variability in cholesterol. APOE rare variants may be involved in the phenotype of genetic hyperlipidemias. METHODS: Exon 4 of APOE were sequenced in all consecutive unrelated subjects with primary hyperlipidemia from a Lipid Unit (n=3667) and 822 random subjects from the Aragon Workers Health Study. Binding affinity of VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) to LDL receptor of pathogenic predicted apoE variants was analyzed in vitro. Lipoprotein particle number, size, and composition were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS: In addition to common polymorphisms giving rise to APOE2 and APOE4, 14 gene variants were found in exon 4 of APOE in 65 subjects. p.(Leu167del) in 8 patients with isolated hypercholesterolemia and in 8 patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Subjects with p.(Arg121Trp), p.(Gly145Asp), p.(Arg154Ser), p.(Arg163Cys), p.(Arg165Trp), and p.(Arg168His) variants met dysbetalipoproteinemia lipid criteria and were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. VLDL affinity for the LDL receptor of p.(Arg163Cys) and p.(Arg165Trp) heterozygous carriers had intermedium affinity between APOE2/2 and APOE3/3. p.(Gly145Asp) and p.(Pro220Leu) variants had higher affinity than APOE3/3. CONCLUSIONS: APOE genetic variation contributes to the development of combined hyperlipidemia, usually dysbetalipoproteinemia, and familial hypercholesterolemia. The lipid phenotype in heterozygous for dysbetalipoproteinemia-associated mutations is milder than the homozygous APOE2/2-associated phenotype. Subjects with dysbetalipoproteinemia and absence of APOE2/2 are good candidates for the study of pathogenic variants in APOE . However, more investigation is required to elucidate the significance of rarer variants of apoE.

Does a Ketogenic Diet Have a Place Within Diabetes Clinical Practice? Review of Current Evidence and Controversies

“…Various inter-individual factors such as phenotype and genetics may further influence the efficacy of ketogenic diets [ 127 ] and risk of potentially harmful adverse effects when used for diabetes management, particularly for those individuals who are unaware of genetic abnormalities. Particular concern surround those with apolipoprotein E/B genetic variants, due to their key role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism [ 128 ]. Thus, as a result of the nature of the ketogenic diet, this could result in significantly elevated low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels concomitant with an increased risk of hypertension and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.…”