Contribution of Lubricating Oil to Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles in Kansas City

Sonntag, Darrell; Bailey, Chad R.; Fulper, Carl; Baldauf, Richard

doi:10.1021/es203747f

Cited by 62 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Nonetheless, the possibility that the comparatively low EC/TC ratios in some studies result from smaller dilution factors cannot be ruled out. It is possible that our observations differ from the on-road studies because of substantial contributions from older, high-emitting vehicles in on-road studies, which often emit more unburned lubricating oil 26 , or from contributions from non-tailpipe sources (e.g. organic compounds from road dust).…”

Section: Bc/tc and Ec/tccontrasting

confidence: 59%

Real-Time Black Carbon Emission Factor Measurements from Light Duty Vehicles

Forestieri

Collier

Kuwayama

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eight light-duty gasoline low emission vehicles (LEV I) were tested on a Chassis dynamometer using the California Unified Cycle (UC) at the Haagen-Smit vehicle test facility at the California Air Resources Board in El Monte, CA during September 2011. The UC includes a cold start phase followed by a hot stabilized running phase. In addition, a light-duty gasoline LEV vehicles and ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV), and a light-duty diesel passenger vehicle and gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle were tested on a constant velocity driving cycle. A variety of instruments with response times ≥ 0.1 Hz were used to characterize how the emissions of the major PM components varied for the LEVs during a typical driving cycle. This study focuses primarily on emissions of black carbon (BC). These measurements allowed for the determination of BC emission factors throughout the driving cycle, providing insights into the temporal variability of BC emission factors during different phases of a typical driving cycle.2

show abstract

Section: Bc/tc and Ec/tccontrasting

confidence: 59%

Real-Time Black Carbon Emission Factor Measurements from Light Duty Vehicles

Forestieri

Collier

Kuwayama

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The KCVES provided information on ambient temperature effects on emissions (Nam et al, 2010) and PM emission rates of smoking vehicles (Nam et al, 2008), and it is the major source of light-duty gasoline PM rates in the current MOVES model (EPA, 2011). Several follow-up analyses on the KCVES were conducted to evaluate the effect of sampling temperature (Fujita et al, 2006b) and operating mode on organic speciation (Herrington et al, 2012), chemical analysis of the lubrication oil (Fujita et al, 2006a), and the contribution of lubricating oil to PM emissions (Sonntag et al, 2012). The KCVES collected PM 2.5 measurements from a statistically representative sample of LDGVs in the Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area (KCMSA).…”

Section: Data: Kansas City Light-duty Vehicle Emission Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The silicone polymer contains silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, which contribute to the measured particulate and organic carbon mass; however, the chemical structure of the volatized silicone material measured on the measurement filters is unknown. To estimate the contribution of volatized silicone relative to the elemental silicon measurements, we used a regression model developed in an earlier analysis (Sonntag et al, 2012) to estimate the relative contribution of silicon to the measured PM 2.5 emissions. The coefficient of silicon was statistically significant for the linear regression of pre-1990 vehicles, with a mean value of 4.075 with 95% confidence intervals of (2.47 to 5.67).…”

Section: Data Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High-emitting gasoline emissions have a highly variable PM composition, due to failed emission control systems, excessive oil consumption, and poor fuel control. Previous analysis of the KCVES suggested that the speciation subsample (102 tests) provides a reasonable estimate of the total PM mass compared to the full sample (522 tests), but the speciation sample underestimated the high emitting vehicles in the newer model-year groups (Sonntag et al, 2012). Other test programs have confirmed that high-emitting gasoline vehicles also occur in modern vehicles, such as 1990s-era vehicles with electronic fuel injection (Robert et al, 2007;Carroll et al, 2011).…”

Section: Profile Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Particulate matter speciation profiles for light-duty gasoline vehicles in the United States

Sonntag

Baldauf

Yanca

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Representative profiles for particulate matter particles less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) are developed from the Kansas City Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions Study for use in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) vehicle emission model, the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), and for inclusion in the EPA SPECIATE database for speciation profiles. The profiles are compatible with the inputs of current photochemical air quality models, including the Community Multiscale Air Quality Aerosol Module Version 6 (AE6). The composition of light-duty gasoline PM 2.5 emissions differs significantly between cold start and hot stabilized running emissions, and between older and newer vehicles, reflecting both impacts of aging/deterioration and changes in vehicle technology. Fleet-average PM 2.5 profiles are estimated for cold start and hot stabilized running emission processes. Fleetaverage profiles are calculated to include emissions from deteriorated high-emitting vehicles that are expected to continue to contribute disproportionately to the fleet-wide PM 2.5 emissions into the future. The profiles are calculated using a weighted average of the PM 2.5 composition according to the contribution of PM 2.5 emissions from each class of vehicles in the on-road gasoline fleet in the Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area. The paper introduces methods to exclude insignificant measurements, correct for organic carbon positive artifact, and control for contamination from the testing infrastructure in developing speciation profiles. The uncertainty of the PM 2.5 species fraction in each profile is quantified using sampling survey analysis methods. The primary use of the profiles is to develop PM 2.5 emissions inventories for the United States, but the profiles may also be used in source apportionment, atmospheric modeling, and exposure assessment, and as a basis for light-duty gasoline emission profiles for countries with limited data.Implications: PM 2.5 speciation profiles were developed from a large sample of light-duty gasoline vehicles tested in the Kansas City area. Separate PM 2.5 profiles represent cold start and hot stabilized running emission processes to distinguish important differences in chemical composition. Statistical analysis was used to construct profiles that represent PM 2.5 emissions from the U.S. vehicle fleet based on vehicles tested from the 2005 calendar year Kansas City metropolitan area. The profiles have been incorporated into the EPA MOVES emissions model, as well as the EPA SPECIATE database, to improve emission inventories and provide the PM 2.5 chemical characterization needed by CMAQv5.0 for atmospheric chemistry modeling.

show abstract

“…Lube oil contributes to NP emissions, especially at cold start [15][16][17][18][19]. These new aspects were investigated with ethanol blend fuels Exx.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%